Asụsụ Gyalrongic
Asụsụ Gyalrongic (nke a makwaara dị ka Rgyalrongic ma ọ bụ Jiarongic ) mejupụtara ngalaba nke asụsụ Qiangic nke Sino-Tibet, ma ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke nnukwu asụsụ Rung ma ghara iche na ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Qiangic mana na-atụ aro na myirịta dị n'etiti Gyalrongic na Qiangic nwere ike inwe mmetụta. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-egosi na Qiangic n'ozuzu ya nwere ike ịbụ paraphyletic, na nanị ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị nke "alaka" a na-eche na a na-ekekọrịta archaisms na akụkụ mpaghara bụ ndị a kwadoro site na kọntaktị asụsụ . [1] Jacques & Michaud (2011) na-atụ aro na Qiangic gụnyere Gyalrongic nwere ike so na nnukwu Burmo-Qiangic otu dabere na ụfọdụ ihe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ lexical . [2]
Nkesa ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-asụ asụsụ Gyalrongic na Sichuan dị na China, ọkachasị na mpaghara Tibet na Qiang nke Karmdzes na Rngaba nwere onwe. Asụsụ ndị a dị iche site n'ọdịdị ọdịdị ha na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ihe mgbe ochie nke ụda olu ha, nke mere ka ha baa uru maka asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme . A na-asụkarị asụsụ Gyalrongic na mpaghara anọ nke Ma'erkang, Li, Xiaojin na Jinchuan dị na Aba Prefecture, ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan . A na-ekwu okwu nkuzi Gyalrongic ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Heishui, Rangtang, Baoxing, Danba na Daofu.
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Gyalrongic na-ekekọrịta ọtụtụ atụmatụ, ọkachasị n'ụdị mkpụrụokwu ọnụ. Nhazi ọkwa ọhụrụ dị ka Lai et al. (2020) kewara Gyalrongic gaa na ngalaba West na East: [3] Asụsụ Gyalrong n'aka nke ya mejupụtara ụdị anọ a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta : Eastern Gyalrong ma ọ bụ Situ, Japhug, Tshobdun, na Zbu .
Khroskyabs na Horpa bụ Lin (1993) kewara dị ka "olumba ọdịda anyanwụ" nke Gyalrong, yana Eastern Gyalrong na "olumba ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ" (Japhug, Tshobdun, na Zbu). Ma ọ bụghị ya, nkwenye ndị ọkà mmụta na-eche na anya dị n'etiti Khroskyabs, Horpa, na ụyọkọ Gyalrong karịrị nke dị n'etiti asụsụ Gyalrong. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ethnologue na-akọ 75% myirịta lexical n'etiti Situ na Japhug, 60% n'etiti Japhug na Tshobdun, mana naanị 13% n'etiti Situ na Horpa.
Huang (2007:180) chọpụtara na Horpa (Rta'u) na Gyalrong (Cogrtse) na-ekekọrịta naanị 15.2% cognacy, yana 242 cognates n'ime mkpokọta 1,592 okwu.
Asụsụ Khalong Tibet nwere mpaghara Gyalrongic.
Asụsụ Chamdo (nke gụnyere Lamo, Larong, na Drag-yab, otu asụsụ atọ nke Sino-Tibet nwere njikọ chiri anya nke a na-asụ na Chamdo, ọwụwa anyanwụ Tibet ) nwere ike ịbụ Qiangic ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị abụ.
Tụnyere Tibetic
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Tibeti gbara asụsụ Gyalrongic gburugburu, yabụ na ha na ha na-akpakọrịta nke ukwuu. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọtụtụ isi okwu okwu na morphological dị n'etiti ha. Gyalrongic na-ejikarị prefixes dị ka *kə-, *tə-, wdg, ebe asụsụ Tibeti na-eji suffixes dị ka -pa/-ba, -ma, -po/-bo, -mo, wdg. N'okpuru ebe a bụ tebụl atụnyere okwu na bTshanlha na Japhug nke na-enweghị cognates na oge ochie Tibetan . [4]
| Gloss | bTshanlha | Japhug | Tibet oge gboo |
|---|---|---|---|
| afọ | təpa | lee | |
| ụbụrụ | trọk | tɯ-mo | klad pa |
| Ndewo | trọmk | ihe ba | |
| mmiri ara | tọlu | 'o ma | |
| ukwu | zuo ezuo | tɤmi | nka pa |
| azụ | tʃhəɣjo | qa-ɟy | nya |
| ifuru | tapat | m tog, ndị nwoke tog | |
| ire | teʃme | lce | |
| uhie | kwərne | kɯ-ɣɯmi | dmar po |
| edo edo | kʉ-qarŋe | ser (po) | |
| ájá | kweek | bye ma | |
| atụrụ | ka-jo | qa-ʑo | lug |
| inyinya | mboro | mbro | rta |
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Katia Chirkova (2012). "The Qiangic subgroup from an areal perspective: A case study of languages of Muli.". Language and Linguistics 13 (1): 133–170.
- ↑ Guillaume Jaques and Alexis Michaud (2011). "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages: Naxi, Na and Laze.". Diachronica 28: 468–498. DOI:10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac.
- ↑ Lai (2020-12-01). "Tangut as a West Gyalrongic language". Folia Linguistica 54 (s41–s1): 171–203. DOI:10.1515/flih-2020-0006. ISSN 1614-7308.
- ↑ Tournadre (2023). The Tibetic Languages: an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan. Paris: LACITO, 660-1. ISBN 978-2-490768-08-0. Retrieved on 2023-09-24.
- Duo Erji [多尔吉]. 1984.Ọmụmụ Geshezha nke Daofu County [道孚语格什扎话研究]. China Tibet Studies Press [中国藏学出版社出版]. ISBN 9787800573279
- Gates, Jesse P. 2012. Situ in situ: kwupụta olumba nke Jiāróng (rGyalrong) . Usoro mmụta MA, Trinity Western University.
- Gates, Jesse P. 2014. Ebe dị na Situ: Na-eru nso a Dialectology of Jiarong (rGyalrong) . Ọmụmụ LINCOM na asụsụ Asia 80. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783862884728
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ebe nchekwa data asụsụ rGyalrongic (data CLDF na Zenodo )
- Archived nrụgharị Proto-rGyalrong (Ọrụ Alaka Sino-Tibet)