Asụsụ Haisla
| obere ụdị nke | Wakashan  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Kánada |
| ụmụ amaala ka | British Columbia |
| Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO | 5 critically endangered |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 7 Shifting |
Asụsụ Haisla (Haisla: X̄aʼislak̓ala / X̌àh̓isl̩ak̓ala, sal ) bụ asụsụ Wakashan nke mbụ nke ndị Haisla na mpaghara North Coast nke Canada na British Columbia na-asụ, ndị dabere na obodo Kitamaat.
Aha a bụ Haisla sitere na okwu Haisla xàʼisla ma ọ bụ xàʼisəla, nke pụtara 'ndị obibi ala'. Ndị Haisla na asụsụ ha, yana nke ndị Heiltsuk gbara agbata obi na ndị Wuikinuxv, bụ ndị a na-akpọ ezighi ezi n'oge gara aga "Northern Kwakiutl".
Ọtụtụ narị mmadụ na-asụ Haisla ugbu a mana a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe egwu dị egwu. Haisla bụ asụsụ Wakashan na mpaghara ugwu. Onye agbata obi Wakashan kacha nso bụ Oowekyala .
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Kitamaat nke oge a sitere n'ọtụtụ ebe, ha nwekwara ndịiche asụsụ n'etiti ha. Abụọ kasị pụta ìhè bụ Kitimaat ( X̅aʼislakʼala ) na Kitlope ( X̅enaksialakʼala ). Ịkpọ ịkpọ okwu, ụtọ asụsụ, na nhọrọ okwu na-adabere na olumba a na-asụ.
A ka na-eji Haisla na-ezo aka n'asụsụ ahụ n'ozuzu ya, dịka otu okwu ahụ bụ "Bekee" siri gbakọọ ọtụtụ olumba.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Haisla nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị ọzọ North Wakashan, Oowekyala, Heiltsuk, Kwak'wala, na, n'ókè dị nta, Nuuchahnulth (Nootka), Nitinat, na Makah. Ụdị asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Northwest Coast, asụsụ ndị a nwere ọtụtụ consonants nwere obere mgbanwe allophonic. Ndepụta ụda olu a maara nke ọma maka asụsụ Northern Wakashan ndị ọzọ.
A na-ahụ ya n'asụsụ Wakashan niile, Haisla nwere ụdị nkọwa dị iche iche, ọkwa nkebiokwu nke nwere ntụgharị ntụgharị dị ka semantics. A na-ahụkwa na Sapir na Swadesh ebe a na-amata ha dị ka "mgbakwunye mgbakwunye", ndị a nwere ihe nrịbama nke ike, akụkụ na usoro. Ndị a clitics bụ ndị na-abụghị iwu na-abụghị nke zuru okè vs. akụkụ ezughị okè, na-adịghị etolite paradigms, mgbe nwere a set usoro. [1]
Haisla nwere ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ klaasị, ihe na-ekerịta asụsụ ndị North Wakashan ibe ya. A na-ebute mgbọrọgwụ ndị a mgbe niile site na suffix lexical ebe ma ọ bụ suffix transitivizing. [2]
Nọmba na onye
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Haisla nwere onye nke mbụ, nke abụọ na nke atọ, yana ọtụtụ ha. Haisla enweghị nnukwu elekwasị anya na ọnụọgụgụ, yana okwu maka begʷánem guzoro maka ma 'mmadụ' na 'mmadụ' dabere n'ọnọdụ ya. Haisla nwekwara ngwụcha nke nsonye yana naanị ya, n'ịtụ aka ma ọ bụrụ na "anyị" ma ọ bụ "anyị" gụnyere onye a na-agwa okwu. Haisla nwere nnọchiaha nwoke na-anọpụ iche, na-enweghị ihe dị iche n'etiti 'ya' na 'ya'.
Asụsụ Northern Wakashan niile na-egosipụta usoro nkọwapụta nke onye nke atọ na-akpọ clitics. Ndị a na-agụnyekarị ụdị ikpe dị iche iche maka ihe, isiokwu na ngwa ma ọ bụ onye nwe ya. N'adịghị ka Kwakw'ala, Haisla na asụsụ ndị Northern Wakashan ndị ọzọ enweghị isi mmalite. Otú ọ dị, Haisla na-eji ụdị ngosi ngosi ndị kwụụrụ onwe ha qi, qu, wdg, nke na-eje ozi dị ka nhọrọ ma na-emekarị ihe mbụ na-eme n'ìgwè.
Enwere ike ịhụ ngwụcha isiokwu a na eserese abụọ dị n'okpuru.
| Mbibiri [3] | Ụdị | Pụtara |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | -nugʷ(a)/ -n (-en) | I |
| 2sg. | -su | ị |
| 2pl. | -su + mmụgharị ngwaa | ị plural |
| 1pl. gụnyere. | -bụ | anyị gụnyere gị |
| 1pl. excl. | -nux | anyị na-ewepu gị |
| 3-1 | -ix | ọ / ya / ya nso m |
| 3-1 | -ix nwere mmụgharị | ha nọ m nso |
| Mbiri | Ụdị | Pụtara |
|---|---|---|
| 3-2 | -u | ọ / ya / ya nso gị |
| 3-3 | -i | ọ / ya / ya remote |
| 3-apụ | -nke/-gi | ọ / ya / ọ dị nnọọ gara |
| Nkeji 3-1. | -ixc | ọ / ya / ya nso m adịghị ahụ anya |
| Nkeji 3-2. | -uc | ọ / ya / ya nso gị adịghị ahụ anya |
| 3-3 | -ic | ọ / ya / ọ dịpụrụ adịpụ adịghị ahụ anya |
Ngwụsị ihe ozugbo:
| Abb. | Ụdị | Pụtara |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | -entl (a) | m |
| 2sg. | -utl (a) | gị (otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ) |
| 1pl. gụnyere. | - entlanis | anyị gụnyere gị |
| 1pl. excl. | -entlanux | anyị ewepu gị |
| 3-1 | -ʼix / -ʼex̄g | ya / ya / ya / ha nso m |
| 3-2 | -'u | ya / ya / ya / ha nọ gị nso |
| 3-3 | -'i | ya / ya / ya / ha remote |
| 3-apụ | -ʼex̄gi | ya/ya/ya/ha ka gara |
| 3-1 | ?? -'ixc* [4] | ya / ya / ya / ha nso m adịghị ahụ anya |
'*' na-egosi etu esi edoghị anya n'ịchọpụta ole n'ime ụdị "adịghị ahụ anya" ka ejiri.
Syntax
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dịka asụsụ VSO, okwu ndị kwekọrọ na ngwaa na okwu enyemaka na-ebute ụzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ahịrịokwu ahụ "Onye isi na-ahụ grizzly", n'ụzọ nkịtị sụgharịrị dị ka "hụ onye isi grizzly". Mgbe a na-ekwupụta mkpesa na Haisla, ngwaa na-enyere aka k̕uus-/k̕uu- ga-eme na mbido ahịrịokwu ahụ. A na-emegharị mgbọrọgwụ a na njedebe kwesịrị ekwesị na-egosipụta isiokwu nke ngwaa ahụ, dịka K̓un duqʷel qi sáakax̄i "Anaghị m ahụ grizzly".
Enwere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe a na-ekwupụta ihe onwunwe na Haisla, a na-ejikwa ngwụcha nke e ji gosi onye nwe ya ihe ngwaa pụrụ iche. Ọtụtụ ngwaa ndị a na-egosipụtakarị mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ uche.
Ọgwụgwụ nwere oke na Haisla mgbe ụfọdụ na-adị ka nke ejiri na bekee. -nis nwere ike iji otu ahụ na bekee "my" mgbe etinyere ya n'ihu ihe nwere. N'èzí iji okwu ndị kewapụrụ iche iji gosipụta ihe onwunwe, a pụkwara iji njedebe mee ihe n'okwu ndị dị n'otu n'otu, dịka gúxʷgenc "ụlọ m ebe a". Usoro suffixes dị na Haisla na-egosipụta ihe onwunwe buru oke ibu. Otú ọ dị, Haisla na-eji ụdị ngosi ngosi nke onwe ya qi, qu, wdg, nke na-eje ozi dị ka nhọrọ na-emekarị ihe mbụ na-eme n'ìgwè aha.
Ụdị onye nke atọ nwere: Ihe ndị nwere n'akụkụ m:
| item | (inv) | inst | owner | (inv) | categories | example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ga | -s | -ix | 1 vis 1 vis | k'adayugasix | ||
| -ga | -c | -s | -ix | 1 inv 1 vis | k'adayugacix | |
| -ga | -s | -ix | -c | 1 vis 1 inv | k'adayugasixc | |
| -ga | -c | -s | -ix | -c | 1 inv 1 inv | k'adayugacixc |
| -ga | -s | -u | 1 vis 2 vis | k'adayugasu | ||
| -ga | -c | -s | -u | 1 inv 2 vis | k'adayugacu | |
| -ga | -s | -u | -c | 1 vis 2 inv | k'adayugasuc | |
| -ga | -c | -s | -u | -c | 1 inv 2 inv | k'adayugacuc |
| -ga | -s | -i | 1 vis 3 vis | k'adayugasi | ||
| -ga | -c | -s | -i | 1 inv 3 vis | k'adayugaci | |
| -ga | -s | -i | -c | 1 vis 3 inv | k'adayugasic | |
| -ga | -c | -s | -i | -c | 1 inv 3 inv | k'adayugacic |
| -ga | -s | -ki | 1 vis gone vis | k'adayugasgi | ||
| -ga | -c | -s | -ki | 1 inv gone vis | k'adayugacgi | |
| -ga | -s | -ki | -c | 1 vis gone inv | k'adayugasgic | |
| -ga | -c | -s | -ki | -c | 1 inv gone inv | k'adayugacgic |
Ihe Oblique
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na-esote ihe ahụ na Haisla. Yiri iji 'nke' na bekee, ụfọdụ ngwaa chọrọ ka ejiri ma okwu 'ya' ma ọ bụ njedebe '-s' akara ihe ha n'okwu gara aga. A na-egosipụta ihe onwunwe na Haisla site na nnọchiaha, na-eji otu njedebe ahụ eme ihe maka ihe ndị na-adịghị mma.
Deixis
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na Haisla, ebe mkparịta ụka na-emetụta n'iji asụsụ ahụ eme ihe. Dabere ma ọ bụrụ na ihe mere na saịtị nke mkparịta ụka ma ọ bụ n'ebe dị anya, ngwaa agwụ agwụ na-egosipụta ebe ihe mere. Enwere ebe anọ nwere ike ime n'asụsụ a: ebe a (n'akụkụ onye na-ekwu okwu), n'ebe ahụ (n'akụkụ gị, onye na-ege ntị), n'ebe ahụ (n'akụkụ ọ bụghị onye na-ekwu okwu ma ọ bụ onye na-ege ntị), ma pụọ nnọọ. Echiche ndị a na-enyere aka etolite akụkụ "ohere na tempora" nke Haisla. [4] Asụsụ ahụ na-amakwa ọdịiche dị n’etiti ihe a na-ahụ anya na nke a maara, nke a na-ekewa dị ka ihe a na-ahụ anya. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya, kama ịbụ ndị a na-eche n'echiche ma ọ bụ ndị nwere ike, na-akọwara dị ka ihe a na-adịghị ahụ anya.
Pụrụ iche na Haisla bụ mgbakwunye nhọrọ ngosipụta clitics qu na qi, nke na-enyere aka mee ka nkọwapụta nkebiokwu doo anya karị.
| Ngosipụta nke | Ihe nọọrọ onwe ya | Deictic clitic |
|---|---|---|
| 1 vis. | qix | -ga |
| 1 ihe nketa. | [qic (e) x] | [-gac(e)ẍga] |
| 2 vis. | qu | -aẍu |
| 2 inv. | [quc] | [-acẍu] |
| 3 vis. | qi | -acẍi, -i |
| 3 inv. | qic | -acẍi, -ac* |
| pụọ | nka | -ịga |
Sociolinguistics
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke asụsụ dị iche iche na Northwest Coast, enwere nnukwu kọntaktị site na ahia na mgbanwe omenala. Nkwukọrịta nke a n'ikpeazụ butere ịmepụta "asụsụ azụmahịa" pụrụ iche. [5] A na-akpọ Chinook Jargon, Haisla nakweere ọtụtụ okwu site na asụsụ a dị ka gʷasáu, ma ọ bụ ezi. Okwu ndị ọzọ, dị ka lepláit ~ lilepláit, nke pụtara 'onye ozi, onye ụkọchukwu', na-egosipụta otú mmekọrịta anyị na ndị ozi ala ọzọ si metụta asụsụ ahụ n'ozuzu ya. Ọtụtụ n'ime okwu ndị anabatara bụ maka ihe 'ọhụrụ', okwu ndị dị adị dị ka gewedén, ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya, edegharịghị ya.
Arụmụka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Wakashan, "a na-amata arụmụka bụ isi naanị site na pronominal enclitics jikọtara na predicate mbụ. Lexical nominals anaghị ebu akara ọ bụla na usoro ihe mejupụtara anaghị ekewa ọrụ ụtọ asụsụ". [6]
Ọnọdụ na Ntughari
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ na ezinụlọ North Wakashan, Haisla nọ n'ihe egwu ugbu a. Asụsụ ụmụ amaala nke British Columbia nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mmadụ, yana ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi ruru 16 na mpaghara n'ime 1930s. [7] Ọrịa metụtakwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu mgbe mbata Europe gasịrị.
Haisla nwere mmemme maka ndị nwere mmasị ikwu okwu. Obodo Kitamaat na-enye ndị nwere mmasị ịmụ asụsụ ahụ nkuzi. Eden Robinson, onye odee Heiltsuk/Haisla a zụlitere na British Columbia, edeela ma kụziekwa ihe gbasara mmụgharị asụsụ. [8] N'oge na-adịbeghị anya ọ kwadoro nkuzi nkuzi Munro Beattie kwa afọ na Mahadum Carleton.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Fortescue (July 2006). "Drift and the Grammaticalization Divide between Northern and Southern Wakashan". International Journal of American Linguistics 72 (3): 295–324. DOI:10.1086/509488.
- ↑ Fortescue. "The Origins of the Wakashan Classificatory Verbs of Location and Handling". Anthropological Linguistics 48 (3): 266–287.
- ↑ Bach. MAKING SENTENCES. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved on 15 February 2014.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bach. Making Sentences. Archived from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved on 2025-03-07.Bach, Emmon. . Archived from on 2014-02-23.
- ↑ Bach. Lesson 5: K̕eci ziqa!. University of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
- ↑ Mithun (2007). "Integrating Approaches to Diversity: Argument Structure on the NW Coast", Diversity in Language: Perspectives and Implications.
- ↑ Miyaoka. Vanishing Languages of the Pacific Rim.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 424–428.
- ↑ Eden Robinson, My White Accent: The Frontlines of Language Revitalization.