Asụsụ Hixkaryana
| Hixkaryána | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Brazil | |
| Region: | Upper Nhamundá River, Amazonas | |
| Total speakers: | 600 | |
| Language family: | Carib Parukotoan Waiwai Hixkaryána | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | hix
| |
Hixkaryana / ˌ h ɪ ʃ kær i ˈɑːnə / [ 1 otu n'ime asụsụ ndị Cariban, nke ihe karịrị narị mmadụ ise na-asụ n'osimiri Nhamundá, nke dị na Osimiri Amazon dị na Brazil . Ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ iri na abụọ nke akọwara dị ka ndị nwere ihe-ngwaa–okwu usoro okwu (nke mbụ onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Desmond C. Derbyshire ). [1]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hixkaryana nwere consonant fọnịm ndị a:
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar ma ọ bụ palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ihu imi | m | n | ɲ ⟨ ⟩ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʃ ⟨ tx ⟩ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ ⟨ ⟩ | |||
| Nke na-ese okwu | ɸ ⟨ f ⟩ | s | ʃ ⟨ x ⟩ | h | ||
| Kpatụ | ɾ | ɽˡ ⟨ ry ⟩ | ||||
| Odika | j ⟨ y ⟩ | w | ||||
Hixkaryana nwere ụdaume ụdaume ndị a:
| N'ihu | Azu | |
|---|---|---|
| Mechie | ɯ ⟨ ⟩ u ⟨ u ⟩ | |
| N'etiti etiti | e ⟨ ⟩ | |
| Oghere-etiti | ɔ ⟨ ⟩ | |
| Mepee | æ ⟨ a ⟩ |
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na Hixkaryana, a na-edepụta arụmụka na ngwaa ahụ site na nganiihu mmadụ. Nganiihu ndị a na-etolite ụkpụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke etinyere arụmụka kachasị na ọkwa nke abụọ> 1st> nke atọ na ngwaa. Ọ bụrụ na ihe ngwaa na-agafe agafe karịrị isiokwu a dịka usoro nhazi a siri dị, a na-eji prefix O-ntụpọ kwesịrị ekwesị; ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-eji prefix A.
| A- prefixes | O-prefixes | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1A | 0-/ɨ- | 1O | r (o) |
| 2A | m (ɨ)- | 2O | o(j)-/a(j)- |
| 1+2A | t (ɨ)- | 1+2O | k(ɨ)- |
| 3A | n (ɨ)-/j- | ||
Ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ewere prefixes na-adịkarị ka prefixes transitive enyere n'elu, nwere ihe na-arụ ọrụ-sative . A na-edepụta ọnụọgụ grammatikal arụmụka na ngwaa ahụ site na suffixes portmanteau na-ejikọta ike, akụkụ, ọnọdụ, na ọnụọgụ.
Ọtụtụ mgbe, onye ahụ prefixes na-achọpụta nke ọma n'ime arụmụka bụ isiokwu na nke bụ ihe ahụ. Mgbe ma isiokwu ahụ na ihe ahụ bụ mmadụ nke atọ, Otú ọ dị, prefix onye ahụ erughị eru ikpebi n'ụzọ zuru ezu njirimara nke arụmụka ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a, ya mere, usoro okwu dị oke mkpa n'ịchọpụta njirimara ha. Hixkaryana nwere ike inwe usoro okwu ihe-ngwaa-okwu . Ihe atụ dị n'okpuru, "toto yonoye kamara", enweghị ike ịnye akwụkwọ AVO "nwoke ahụ riri jaguar"; ọgụgụ OVA - "jaguar riri nwoke ahụ" - bụ naanị ihe nwere ike ime. Ihe ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè, agbanyeghị, soro isiokwu a: Ọzọkwa, usoro okwu na nkebiokwu na-enweghị ngwụcha bụ SOV. [2] Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ nwere ihe na-ebute ụzọ ngwaa ahụ, ọ bụ postposition .
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]nke a na-asụ na Muli County, ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan, bụ ihe ahụ. Mgbe ma isiokwu ahụ na ihe ahụ bụ
- ↑ Kalin. Hixkaryana: The Syntax of OVS Word Order. University of Arizona. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved on 12 January 2022.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified. ling.umd.edu (2006-07-18). Archived from the original on 2007-02-21. Retrieved on 2024-12-15.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Aikhenvald, A. & Dixon, R. (Eds.) (1999). The Amazonian Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-521-57021-2.
- Derbyshire, D. (1979). Hixkaryana. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing.
- Derbyshire, D. (1985). Hixkaryana and Linguistic Typology. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 0-88312-082-8.