Asụsụ Hmu

Templeeti:CladeAsụsụ Hmu ( hveb Hmub ), nke a makwaara dị ka Qiandong Miao (黔东, Eastern Guizhou Miao ), Central Miao (中部苗语), East Hmongic (Ratliff 2010 ^[1] ), ma ọ bụ (dịtụ mgbagwoju anya) Black Diamongic asụsụ China. Olumba a kacha mụọ bụ nke obodo Yǎnghāo (养蒿), Taijiang County, Guizhou Province. ^[1]

Qanu (咯努), ụdị Hmu, nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu 11,450 dị ka nke 2000, a na-asụkwa ya na ndịda Kaili City, Guizhou. ^[2] Ndị Qanu dị iche na omenala Hmu nke ọzọ.

Aha

Aha njirimara gụnyere m̥ʰu33 na Kaili, mo33 na Jinping County, mu13 na Tianzhu County, m̥ə33 na Huangping County, qa33 nəu13 n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Qiandongnan ( Miaoyu Jianzhi 苗语简志1985 ^[3] ), na ta11 mu11 na Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi. ^[4] Ná-Meo, nke ndị Mieu nke Cao Minh Commune, Tràng Định District, Lạng Sơn Province, Vietnam, na-asụ nwere ike inwe njikọ chiri anya. ^[5]

Wu Zhengbiao (2009) ^[6] kewara Hmu ka ọ bụrụ olumba asaa dị iche iche. Nhazi oge gara aga na-agụnyekarị naanị olumba atọ ma ọ bụ anọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Li Jinping & Li Tianyi (2012), ^[7] dabere na nhazi ọkwa gara aga, kewaa Hmu n'ime olumba atọ nke Northern, Southern, na Eastern. Ebe ebe data nke olu olu nnọchi anya sitere na Li Yunbing (2000). ^[8]

Eastern (Representative dialect: Sanjiang township 三江乡, Jinping County, Guizhou)
- Jinping County, Guizhou (in Ouli 偶里寨 of Ouli Township 偶里乡, etc.)
  - Hekou 河口 dialect (10,000+ speakers): spoken in Hekou 河口乡, Wenniu 文牛乡, and Zhanghua 彰化乡 townships^[9]
  - Ouli 偶里 dialect (20,000+ speakers): spoken in Pinglve 平略乡, Ouli 偶里乡, Zhaizao 寨早乡, Jiaosan 皎三乡, Maoping 茅坪乡, Guazhi 挂治乡, Pingjin 平金乡, and Suijiang 稳江乡, Loujiang 娄江乡, and Tongpo 铜坡乡 townships^[9]
  - Yuhe 裕河 dialect (about 3,000 speakers): spoken in Yuhe 裕河乡, Xinmin 新民乡, and Guben 固本乡 townships^[9]
  - Sanqiao 三锹话
- Jingzhou County, Hunan (in Caidiwan 菜地湾,^[10] etc.)
- Huitong County, Hunan
Northern (Representative dialect: Yanghao village 养蒿村, Guading town 挂丁镇, Kaili city, Guizhou)
- Kaili (in Yanghao 养蒿 of Guading Township 挂丁镇, etc.)
- Leishan County
- Taijiang County
- Shibing County
- Gedong 革东镇 in Jianhe County
- Huangping County
- Fuquan County
- Weng'an County
- Xingren County
- parts of Anlong County
- Yangwu 杨武乡, Longquan 龙泉镇, Paidiao 排调镇, Xingren 兴仁镇 townships, and also parts of Yahui 雅灰乡 in Danzhai County
- Duyun
  - Bagu Township 坝固镇: Jijia 鸡贾, Yanglie 羊列, Baduo 把朵, Metao 么陶
  - Wangsi Township 王司镇: Taohua 桃花, Xinchang 新场, Wulu 乌路, Wuzhai 五寨
  - Pu'an Township 普安镇: Zongjiang 总奖村, Guanghua 光华村, Xingfu 幸福村
Northeastern
- Zhaitou 寨头村, Baye 巴冶村, and Liangshan 良上村 villages of Sansui County
- Gaoyongzhai 高雍寨, Guanme Township 观么乡, Jianhe County
Western (including Raojia; Representative dialect: Baixing village 白兴村, Heba township 河坝乡, Majiang County, Guizhou)
- Heba Village 河坝村, Longshan Township 龙山乡, Majiang County
- Raohe Village 绕河村, Luobang Township 洛邦乡, Duyun (also in Pingzhai 坪寨 of Wu'ai Village 五爱村)
Southern (Representative dialect: Yangpai village 羊排村, Yangwu township 扬武乡, Danzhai County, Guizhou)
- Sandu County: Lalan 拉揽乡 (in Paishaozhai 排烧寨, etc.), Jiaoli 交梨乡, Dujiang 都江镇 townships; Jialan 甲揽, Yangwu 羊吴, Dediao 的刁, Hongguang 红光, and Wuyun 巫匀 villages of Pu'an Township 普安镇
- Danzhai County: Paidao 排岛 and Paimo 排莫 of Yahui Township 雅灰乡
Southeastern 1 (Representative dialect: Datu village 大土村, Jiuqian township 九迁乡, Libo County, Guizhou)
- Datu 大土村, Shuiwei 水维村, and Jialiao 甲料村 villages in Jiarong 佳荣镇 Township, Libo County
- parts of Jiajiu 加鸠乡 Township, Congjiang County
- Xunle Township 馴乐苗族乡, Huanjiang County
Southeastern 2 (Representative dialect: Zhenmin 振民, Gongdong township 拱洞乡, Rongshui County, Guangxi)
- Bingmei 丙妹镇, Tingdong 停洞乡, Cuili 翠里乡, and much of the Yueliangshan 月亮山 area in Congjiang County
- Rongjiang County
- Rongshui County (in Gunqinzhai 滚琴寨 of Dongtou Township 洞头乡, Yaogao 尧告,^[10] etc.)
- Sanjiang County
- Northern Vietnam (Lang Son, Cao Bang, Bac Kan, and Tuyen Quang provinces): Na Meo language

Hsiu (2018)

Andrew Hsiu (2018) tụpụtara nhazi nke asụsụ Qiandong Miao ndị a dabere na nyocha mgbakọ na mwepụ 2015 ya, na-ekewa Ná-Meo dị ka olumba Southern Qiandong Miao: ^[11]

Ezinụlọ Enga nwere oke na-akọwa ebe obibi ha n'ofe ókèala ahụ ma mara na ha na-alụ ọgụ maka ala, mgbanwe alụmdi nabụ ihe akụ na ụba ma na-egosi mmemme ọha mgbe a gbanwere ma ọ bụ kesaa ya. Ezinụlọ Enga nwere oke na-akọwa ebe obibi ha n'ofe ókèala ahụ ma mara na ha na-alụ ọgụ maka ala, mgbanwe alụmdi na

1 2 Ratliff (2010). Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.
↑ Qanu (en). Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved on 2021-08-17.
↑ (1985) in Wang: Miáoyǔ jiǎnzhì (in zh). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
↑ Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee (2008). Guǎngxī mínzú yǔyán fāngyīn cíhuì (in zh). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
↑ Nguyễn Văn Thắng (2007). Ambiguity of Identity: The Mieu in North Vietnam (in en). Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
↑ Wu (2009). "Qiándōng fāngyán Miáoyǔ tǔyǔ huàfēn wèntí de zài tàntǎo" (in zh). Jíshǒu dàxué xuébào (shèhuì kēxué bǎn) 30: 117–121. DOI:10.13438/j.cnki.jdxb.2009.06.018.
↑ Li (2012). Miáoyǔ fāngyán bǐjiào yánjiū (in zh). Chengdu: Xinan jiaotong daxue chubanshe.
↑ Li (2000). Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn yíliú wèntí yánjiū (in zh). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
1 2 3 Tu (2008). Jǐnpíng Xiàn Hàn-Dòng-Miáoyǔ fāngyán zhì (in zh). Guiyang: Guizhou daxue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-81126-044-1.
1 2 Chen (2013). Miáo-Yáo yǔwén (in zh). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Chen2013" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Hsiu (2018). Preliminary classification of Hmongic languages.. East Asian Language Phyla Project. Archived from the original on 2023-10-28. Retrieved on 2023-10-28.

Nhazi

A matala Hmu dị ka ngalaba nke Hmongic kemgbe 1950s. Wang (1985) ghọtara ụdị atọ. Matisoff (2001) lebara ndị a anya dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, nke pụtara na Ethnologue . Lee (2000) gbakwunyere ụdị nke anọ, Western Hmu (10,000 ọkà okwu), n'etiti Yao, ^[1] na Matisoff (2006) depụtara asaa (Daigong, Kaili [N], Lushan, Taijiang [N], Zhenfeng [N], Phö, Rongjiang [S]).

Na-ede

Northern Qiandong Miao, nke a makwaara dị ka Central Miao na Eastern Guizhou Hmu (黔东方言Qián-Dōng fāngyán ), ka a họọrọ dị ka ọkọlọtọ maka akwụkwọ mmụta asụsụ Hmu na China, dabere na ịkpọ obodo Yǎnghāo (养蒿). ^[2]

fonology

Ndepụta ekwentị na ndegharị mkpụrụedemede bụ ndị a.

Northern Hmu consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatalized alveolar	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	voiced	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme
Nasal	aspirated	m̥ʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	n̥ʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	n̥ʲʰ Templeeti:Grapheme
Plosive	tenuis	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	(Templeeti:IPAlink)
Plosive	aspirated	pʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	tʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	tʲʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	kʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	qʰ Templeeti:Grapheme
Affricate	tenuis		Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme
Affricate	aspirated		tsʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	tɕʰ Templeeti:Grapheme
Central fricative	voiced	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme
	tenuis	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme			Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme
	aspirated	fʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	sʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	ɕʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	xʰ Templeeti:Grapheme
Lateral<br id="mwAeA"><br>fricative	tenuis		Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme
Lateral<br id="mwAeA"><br>fricative	aspirated		ɬʰ Templeeti:Grapheme	ɬʲʰ Templeeti:Grapheme
Lateral approximant			Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme	Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:Grapheme

[ʔ]

The aspirated imi na fricatives adịghị adị na Southern ma ọ bụ Eastern Hmu; cognates okwu na-eji ha unspirated homologues. Ọzọkwa, na Eastern Hmu, di, ti jikota n'ime j, q ; c jikọtara na x ; r (Northern /z/ ) jikọtara n'ime ni ; a na-akpọkwa v [w] . Na Southern Hmu, a na-akpọ okwu na hni (ma ụfọdụ nwere ni ) [nʲʑ] ; ndị nwere r bụ [nz] ; na okwu ụfọdụ gbanwere s na x .

Ụdaume Northern Hmu
	N'ihu		Central		Azu
	ọnụ	imi	ọnụ	imi	ọnụ	imi
Mechie	i ⟨ i ⟩				u ⟨ ⟩
N'etiti	ɛ ⟨ ai ⟩	en ⟨ en ⟩	⟩ ⟨ə		o ⟨ ⟩	oŋ ⟨ Ong ⟩
Mepee					ɑ ⟨ a ⟩	ɑŋ ⟨ ⟩

Aị /ɛ/ anaghị eme mgbe consonants palatalized. /en/ ka edechara consonants palatalized na .

Diphthong
	Na-emechi
Akụkụ dị nso dị n'ihu	ej ⟨ ⟩
Ngwa dị nso alọghachila	əw ⟨ ⟩

Mgbakwunye diphthongs na-eme na mbinye ego ndị China.

Olumba niile nwere ụda asatọ. Enweghị sandhi . Na eserese dị n'okpuru ebe a, Northern Hmu bụ obodo Yanghao ( Kaili City ), Eastern Hmu site na 偶里 obodo ( Jinping County ), na Southern Hmu site na 振民 ( Rongshui County ).

Hmu ụda
Ụda	Akwụkwọ ozi	Northern	Eastern	Ndịda
1	b	˧ 3	˧ 3	˧ 3
3	d	˧˥ 35	˨̤ 2	˧˥ 35
5	t	˦ 4	˦˥ 45	˦ 4
7	k	˥˧ 53	˨˦ 24	˨˦ 24
2	x	˥ 5 ~ ˦˥ 45	˦˨ 42	˥˧ 53
4	l	˩̤ 1	˨˩ 21	˧˩ 31
6	s	˩˧̤ 13	˥ 5	˨̤ 2
8	f	˧˩ 31	˩˨̤ 12	˨˩˧ 213

A na-ekwu na ụda kacha ala - ụda ugwu 4 na 6, ụda ọwụwa anyanwụ 3 na 8, na ụda ndịda 6 - na-eme ka consonant bu ụzọ tamuo ( ume ume ), nke pụtara na ndị a bụ ụda ntamu dịka n'asụsụ Hmongic ndị ọzọ. Akara ha akara ⟨ na eserese ahụ.

Ntụaka na ndetu

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

Njikọ mpụga

Hmu lexicon isi na Global Lexicostatistical Database

↑ Li (2000). Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn yíliú wèntí yánjiū (in zh). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
↑ Shi (2006). Miáoyǔ jīchǔ jiàochéng (Qiándōng fāngyán). Beijing Shi: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.

[Ratliff-1] 1 2 Ratliff (2010). Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.

[2] Qanu (en). Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved on 2021-08-17.

[jianzhi-3] (1985) in Wang: Miáoyǔ jiǎnzhì (in zh). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.

[gx-4] Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee (2008). Guǎngxī mínzú yǔyán fāngyīn cíhuì (in zh). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.

[5] Nguyễn Văn Thắng (2007). Ambiguity of Identity: The Mieu in North Vietnam (in en). Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.

[6] Wu (2009). "Qiándōng fāngyán Miáoyǔ tǔyǔ huàfēn wèntí de zài tàntǎo" (in zh). Jíshǒu dàxué xuébào (shèhuì kēxué bǎn) 30: 117–121. DOI:10.13438/j.cnki.jdxb.2009.06.018.

[7] Li (2012). Miáoyǔ fāngyán bǐjiào yánjiū (in zh). Chengdu: Xinan jiaotong daxue chubanshe.

[ReferenceA-8] Li (2000). Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn yíliú wèntí yánjiū (in zh). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.

[TuYang2008-9] 1 2 3 Tu (2008). Jǐnpíng Xiàn Hàn-Dòng-Miáoyǔ fāngyán zhì (in zh). Guiyang: Guizhou daxue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-81126-044-1.

[Chen2013-10] 1 2 Chen (2013). Miáo-Yáo yǔwén (in zh). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Chen2013" defined multiple times with different content

[Hsiu2018-11] Hsiu (2018). Preliminary classification of Hmongic languages.. East Asian Language Phyla Project. Archived from the original on 2023-10-28. Retrieved on 2023-10-28.

[ReferenceA-12] Li (2000). Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn yíliú wèntí yánjiū (in zh). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.

[13] Shi (2006). Miáoyǔ jīchǔ jiàochéng (Qiándōng fāngyán). Beijing Shi: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.

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