Asụsụ Ixcatec

Ixcatec (na Ixcatec: xwja ma ọ bụ xjuani ) bụ asụsụ ndị bi na Santa María Ixcatlan na Mexico na-asụ, nke dị n'ebe ugwu steeti Oaxaca . Asụsụ Ixcatec bụ nke ngalaba Popolocan nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Oto-Manguean . Ekwenyere na ọ bụ asụsụ nke abụọ na-apụ na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime otu obere Popolocan, n'agbanyeghị na enwere obere arụmụka gbasara mmekọrịta ọ nwere na ha.

Dị ka Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes si kwuo, e nwere nanị ndị na-asụ asụsụ 8 na 2008. Na 2010, 190 ndị ọkà okwu nke Ixcatec debara aha. ^[1] Na 2020, mmadụ 195 kọrọ na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. ^[2] Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-ekwu okwu ugbu a bụ n'ihi mbelata na-aga n'ihu n'ime afọ 60 gara aga, nke enwere ike ịsị na mgbasa ozi na-emegide agụghị akwụkwọ nke gọọmenti Mexico nke kwụsịrị iji asụsụ ụmụ amaala, ịkwaga n'ógbè ahụ gaa n'obodo ukwu, na ntakịrị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mbụ na-asụ asụsụ ahụ.

N'agbanyeghị enweghị akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Ixcatec, a na-ahụta okwu ederede iji edemede Latin na-esote mbata nke ndị Spen . Akwụkwọ mbụ e dere na Ixcatec sitere na 1939, mgbe ọkà okwu Doroteo Jiménez dere akwụkwọ ozi nye Lázaro Cárdenas, onye isi ala Mexico site na 1934 ruo 1940. Mgbe e mesịrị, ihe odide maka asụsụ ahụ amalitela mmepe na 1950 na-adabere na mkpụrụedemede Spanish mgbe ọ dị mkpa.

Ixcatec nwetara aha ya site na okwu Nahuatl ichcatl nke putara 'owu'. Na Spanish enwere ike ịkpọ ya site na okwu ixcateco, nke agbakwunyere na suffix -teco sitere na suffix Nahuatl -teca/-tecatl nke pụtara 'onye bi n'otu ebe', karịsịa nke nwere aha na-agwụ na -tlan ma ọ bụ -lan . Enwere ike ịmalite okwu a na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ.

Nhazi

Asụsụ Ixcatec bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Oto-Manguean, yana nke alaka Popolocan. Asụsụ kacha nso na Ixcatec, na-asụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, bụ Mazatec, Chocholtec na Popolocan . ^[1]

Njirimara

Dị ka asụsụ Oto-Manguean ndị ọzọ, Ixcatec bụ asụsụ ụda na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume ogologo na mkpụmkpụ . N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị na-ekwu okwu, a na-ewere Ixcatec dị ka asụsụ nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi.

fonology

Consonants

Tebụlụ na-esote na-egosi consonants nke Ixcatec. Plosives nwere ike ịbụ enweghị olu ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu (ahịrị nke abụọ nwere plosive na-enweghị olu ebe nke atọ nwere ndị a na-ekwu okwu) yana mmekọ. Nkwụsị bilabial na-enweghị ụda /p/ na trill /rr/ bụ naanị consonants a ga-agbaziri site na Spanish (n'agbanyeghị na e nwere naanị otu ikpe nke /p/ nwere ike ọ bụghị: ʔu ² ča ¹ pi ¹ [ʔu ² ša ¹ pi ¹ ] 'cenzontle'.

Ixcatec Consonants
		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Alveopalatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	Templeeti:IPAlink	Templeeti:IPAlink	Templeeti:IPAlink ⟨ť̌⟩^{[lower-alpha 1]}		Templeeti:IPAlink	Templeeti:IPAlink^{[lower-alpha 2]}
Plosive	voiced	Templeeti:IPAlink	Templeeti:IPAlink	Templeeti:IPAlink ⟨ď̌⟩^{[lower-alpha 3]}		Templeeti:IPAlink
Fricative		Templeeti:IPAlink^{[lower-alpha 4]}		Templeeti:IPAlink	Templeeti:IPAlink ⟨š⟩^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Templeeti:IPAlink^{[lower-alpha 6]}	Templeeti:IPAlink
Affricate	voiceless			Templeeti:IPAlink ⟨c⟩	Templeeti:IPAlink ⟨č⟩
Affricate	voiced				Templeeti:IPAlink ⟨ǯ⟩
Nasal		Templeeti:IPAlink	Templeeti:IPAlink^{[lower-alpha 7]}		Templeeti:IPAlink ⟨ñ⟩
Approximant^{[lower-alpha 8]}		Templeeti:IPAlink			Templeeti:IPAlink ⟨y⟩
Lateral				Templeeti:IPAlink
Rhotic	trill			Templeeti:IPAlink ⟨rr⟩^{[lower-alpha 9]}
Rhotic	flap			Templeeti:IPAlink ⟨r⟩^{[lower-alpha 9]}

↑ /tʲ/ and /tʲh/ appear only before the vowels /u/ and /ũ/.^[3]
↑ /ʔ/ always appears word-initially before a vowel, in a middle position between them, or forming a part of a consonant cluster.^[4]
↑ The voiced consonants /d͡ʒ/ and /dʲ/ are always preceded by the nasal /n/ and almost always by /g/.^[3]
↑ The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/ occurs in a few verb forms where it is preceded by a slight velar stop [^kf].^[3]
↑ [ʃ] is pronounced as retroflex [ʂ] when it is directly before a vowel, but elsewhere it is palatalized [ʃ].^[3]
↑ /x/, a voiceless velar fricative, is anterior before an /i/ or /e/ and slightly posterior before an /o/ or /u/.^[5]
↑ /n/ becomes velarized [ŋ] before a /g/.
↑ The approximants have a limited distribution: /w/ does not occur in a word-initial position and /j/ is similar in a few cases.^[6]
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 While /r/ has once been classified as a voiced alveolar flap [ɾ],^[7] /r/ can also be classified as a voiced alveolar trill [r], usually denoted with /rr/. However, Veerman (2001) argues that there is no phonemic contrast between the two.^[6]

Ọtụtụ mkpokọta consonant nwere otu n'ime consonants ndị a: /ʔ/, /h/, na /n/. /ʔ/ na /h/ na-eme n'ọkwa ikpeazụ nke otu, ma na-ebute ụzọ imi na /j/ ebe /n/ na-ebutekarị consonant a na-ekwu: /mb/, /nd/, /nd͡ʒ/, /ng/, wdg.

Udaume

Enwere ụdaume ise ọnụ na ise na ngwa ahịa Ixcatec. Tebụlụ na-esonụ na-egosi ụzọ abụọ nke ụdaume nwere nke ọnụ na-aga n'ihu nsụgharị imi imi.

	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Mechie	i ĩ		u ũ
N'etiti	e ẽ		o õ
Mepee		a ã

A na-achịkọta ụdaume n'ime diphthong ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị diphthong. Diphthong nwere udaume /i/ ma ọ bụ /u/ (ma ọ bụ ogbo imi ha) na-esote ụdaume dị iche. Otú ọ dị, akụkụ abụọ nke diphthong ga-enwerịrị otu ụzọ e si ekwu okwu (ọnụ ma ọ bụ imi). Diphthongs na-apụtakarị n'ụdị ntụgharị nke ị ga-agwụ na /i/ ma ọ bụ /u/, ma ọ bụ ụdị imi ha, ma were otu ụda nọchitere anya ya.

Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike ịmata ụdaume site n'ogologo. Udaume dị ogologo nwere ụdaume abụọ nwere ụda otu. Eji ụdaume abụọ na otu ụda nọchiri anya ya (dịka cee ² 'do', ce ² 'moss'). Udaume ogologo okwu na nke ikpeazụ nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe si na mpụta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okwu ra ² te ³ 'akpụkpọ ụkwụ' na-esote suffix nke na-egosi ihe onwunwe nke atọ na-emepụta ra ² tee ³ 'akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya'.

Nhọrọ ụda olu

Mgbanwe na gburugburu na-emetụta ụda consonant /h/. A na-akpọ /h/ dị ka fricative glottal [h] na ọnọdụ imi na mgbe ọ dị nso na consonant na-abụghị [r]. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ gụnyere thi ² 'okpete' [thi ² ] na nĩ ¹ he˜ ² ' three' [nĩ ¹ he˜ ² ] . Otú ọ dị, n'okwu ọnụ na mgbe ị na-eso /r/, ọ na-aghọ verarized, dị ka ọ dị na si ¹ hi ³ ' ụkwụ' [si ¹ xi ³ ].

Ụda

Enwere ụda atọ na Ixcatec. A na-anọchi anya ha site na ọnụọgụ n'elu edemede na-eso ụdaume, nke bụ isi ihe na-ebu ụda. Ha bụ ndị a: ¹ na-egosi ụda dị elu, ² na-egosi ụda ọkara, na ³ na-egosi ụda dị ala. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụda ka ukwuu n'etiti mkpụrụokwu emesiri ike ebe ọ bụ na ha na-efunarị ọtụtụ uru pụrụiche ha dị na mkpụrụokwu ndị na-ebute nke nwere nsogbu. Ụda nwere ike ịme mgbanwe n'ihi mmetụta nke ụda dị n'akụkụ na usoro morphological.

Enwere ike ijikọta ụda itoolu n'ime okwu disyllabic dị ka Fernandez (1950) siri kwuo:

Fernandez (1950) tụpụtakwara nchikota echiche atụ iri abụọ na isii n'ime mkpụrụokwu trisyllabic.

Nhazi mkpụrụedemede

Usoro syllable dị na Ixcatec bụ CVT na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu, na (C) VT na ọnọdụ na-abụghị nke mbụ. C na-anọchi anya consonant ma ọ bụ otu consonants. Mkpụrụokwu na-amalite na ụdaume na-apụta naanị n'ọnọdụ na-abụghị nke mbụ. Consonant mbụ nwekwara ike ịbụ nkwụsị glottal na-enweghị olu, /ʔ/, mana ọ naghị eme mgbe ọ na-ebute ụdaume ozugbo. V nwere ike ịbụ ụdaume dị mfe, ụdaume ogologo, ma ọ bụ diphthong, T na-anọchi anya otu ụda. Okwu disyllabic nwere ụda abụọ dị iche iche mejupụtara.

Ọ bụ ezie na nrụgide siri ike nghọta n'ọtụtụ okwu, a kwenyere na ọ na-adaba n'ime mkpụrụ edemede penultimate. Nchegbu ahụ na-ebute okwu ogologo oge, dị ntakịrị ma ọ bụ pụtara ìhè, na consonant ma ọ bụ otu consonants na-eso ya. E gosipụtara nrụgide ahụ nke ọma n'ụdị ndị a na-emegharị emegharị, ebe ọ na-apụ n'anya n'ihi ntinye nke mkpọda nke ụdị CVT. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ ụdị okwu ra ² te ³ 'akpụkpọ ụkwụ' [ra ² tte ³ ] na /t/ gbatịpụrụ ntakịrị. Otú ọ dị, n'ụdị ra ² te ³ ni ¹ 'akpụkpọ ụkwụ anyị', nrụgide na-aga n'ihu na nkeji okwu penultimate ebe a na-egosipụta ya site na ịgbatị consonant /n/: [ra ² te ³ nni ¹ ].

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ

Usoro

Usoro morphological kachasị na Ixcatec bụ ntinye . Agbanyeghị, otu ndekọ aha ama ama maka mmụgharị zuru oke na-eme mgbe adjective ʔi ¹ 'obere' na-aghọ ʔi ¹ ʔi ¹ mgbe ejiri ọtụtụ.

Usoro morphological ọzọ bụ mgbanwe ụda. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa niile na ụfọdụ aha, mgbanwe ụda olu na-egosi oge gara aga ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu.

A na-etolite nnochiaha mmadụ nke atọ site n'itinye nnọchiaha nkeonwe n'ihu nnochiaha isi okwu:

su ² wa ² da ³	'ọ'
su ² wa ² kua ³	'oyi'
su ² wa ² ba ³	'ọ' (anụmanụ)
su ² wa ² ma ³	'ha'

Ngwaa

Ixcatec bụ asụsụ n'isi nwere arụmụka nke ngwaa nfefe na nke na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ejiri mpịachi dị iche iche akara. Usoro okwu bụ SV mgbe enweghị akara. Arụmụka isiokwu na-ebute ngwaa ahụ na nkebiokwu ndị bụ isi ebe okwu nkwuputa na-eme ka ha soro ngwaa ahụ kama iji mgbakwunye ntụaka aka jikọtara na ngwaa ahụ. Otú ọ dị, usoro okwu maka isi okwu mono-transitive bụ nnọọ SVO.

Enwere ike ịsụgharị ngwaa maka ndị mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ site na ntinye mpụta nke etinyere na okwu azuokokoosisi.

Suffix	Onye	Ihe atụ
-na ³	Nke mbụ (otu)	šte ² na ³ 'Ana m agba egwu' ba ² ka ² na ² 'm jump'
-m ¹	Nke mbụ (ọtụtụ)	šti ¹ 'anyị na-agba egwu' ba ² ki ¹ 'anyị na-awụ elu'
-iri ²	Nke abụọ (otu; nke iwu)	šte ² ri ² 'ị na-agba egwu' ba ² ka ² ri ¹ 'ị na-awụlikwa elu'
-mma ³	Nke atọ (ọtụtụ)	šte ¹ ma ³ 'ha na-agba egwu' ba ² ka ² ma ² 'ha na-awụ elu'

Prefixes ba ² tu ² - na kwa ¹ tu ² - na-anọchi anya ihe dị ugbu a na oge gara aga ma dị iche n'ụdị mmadụ nke atọ:

ba ² tu ² ba ² ne ²	'ha na-eri'
kwa ¹ tu ² ba ² ne ²	'ha riri'

N'ụdị ajụjụ ọnụ e nwere affixes na-egosikwa onye:

bu ² - (otu mmadụ nke abụọ; akwụkwọ)	nda ¹ ču ² bu ² šte ²	'Gịnị mere i ji gbaa egwu?'
bu ² - (otu mmadụ nke abụọ; akwụkwọ)	nda ¹ ču ² bu ² ba ² ka ²	'Gịnị mere i ji malie?'

N'oge gara aga na n'ọdịnihu, enwere ike iji prefix ku- nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpoputa ya dabara na ekwentị izizi nke ngwaa ahụ. Mgbochi ọzọ bụ xw- .

pi ² na ³	'M na-aga'
xwi ² na ³	'Agara m'
xwi ¹ na ³	'Aga m agaba'

Okwu okwu

Ọnụọgụ

/hngu²/: otu
/ju¹hu¹/: abụọ
/nĩ¹hẽ²/: atọ
/njũ¹hũ¹/: anọ
/ʃʔõ¹/: ise
/ʃhõ³/: isii
/ja¹tu²/: asaa
/hni²/: asatọ
/nĩ¹njẽ²/: nine
/ʔu²te³/: iri

Ndị na-ajụ ajụjụ

Nnọchiaha a na-ejikarị ajụjụ ọnụ na-enwekarị mgbanwe nke ụyọkọ consonant ndi- ma ọ bụ nda- :

Ndị na-ajụ ajụjụ
ndi ² ra ²	'ebee'
nda ¹ ra ²	'Kedu'
ndi ² sa ¹	'mgbe ole'
nda ² cu ¹	' gịnị kpatara'
nde ² de ¹	'kedu/kedu'
nda ² na ¹ ra ² ~ ya ² ra ²	'WHO'

Ihe ndetu

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ixcatecos – Lengua (es-MX). Atlas de los Pueblos Indígenas de México. INPI. Retrieved on 2023-01-21."Ixcatecos – Lengua". Atlas de los Pueblos Indígenas de México. INPI (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-21.
↑ Diferentes lenguas indígenas. cuentame.inegi.org.mx. Archived from the original on 2022-12-01. Retrieved on 2023-01-21.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358., p. 326
↑ Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. pp. 21-22
↑ Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p.25
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358. p. 326
↑ Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p.27

Ntụaka

[4] /tʲ/ and /tʲh/ appear only before the vowels /u/ and /ũ/.^[3]

[6] /ʔ/ always appears word-initially before a vowel, in a middle position between them, or forming a part of a consonant cluster.^[4]

[7] The voiced consonants /d͡ʒ/ and /dʲ/ are always preceded by the nasal /n/ and almost always by /g/.^[3]

[8] The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/ occurs in a few verb forms where it is preceded by a slight velar stop [^kf].^[3]

[9] [ʃ] is pronounced as retroflex [ʂ] when it is directly before a vowel, but elsewhere it is palatalized [ʃ].^[3]

[11] /x/, a voiceless velar fricative, is anterior before an /i/ or /e/ and slightly posterior before an /o/ or /u/.^[5]

[12] /n/ becomes velarized [ŋ] before a /g/.

[14] The approximants have a limited distribution: /w/ does not occur in a word-initial position and /j/ is similar in a few cases.^[6]

[rhotics-16] 9.0 ^9.1 While /r/ has once been classified as a voiced alveolar flap [ɾ],^[7] /r/ can also be classified as a voiced alveolar trill [r], usually denoted with /rr/. However, Veerman (2001) argues that there is no phonemic contrast between the two.^[6]

[Ixcatecos_–_Lengua-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ixcatecos – Lengua (es-MX). Atlas de los Pueblos Indígenas de México. INPI. Retrieved on 2023-01-21."Ixcatecos – Lengua". Atlas de los Pueblos Indígenas de México. INPI (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-21.

[inegi-2] Diferentes lenguas indígenas. cuentame.inegi.org.mx. Archived from the original on 2022-12-01. Retrieved on 2023-01-21.

[Veerman-Leichsenring,_A._p._326-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358., p. 326

[5] Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. pp. 21-22

[10] Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p.25

[Veerman-Leichsenring,_A._2001_p._326-13] 6.0 ^6.1 Veerman-Leichsenring, A. (2001). Ixcateco: La Frase Nominal. Anales de Antropología, 35, 323–358. p. 326

[15] Fernandez Carrillo, Maria Teresa. “FONEMICA DEL IXCATECO.” Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1950. p.27

[1]

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[lower-alpha 8]

[lower-alpha 9]

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