Asụsụ Jad

asụsụ, modern language
Obere ụdị nke	Lahuli-Spiti
Mba/obodo	Ndia
Ụmụ amaala ka	Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO	3 definitely endangered
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	6a Vigorous

Jad (Dzad), nke a makwaara dị ka Bhotia na Tchhongsa, bụ asụsụ obodo dị ihe dị ka narị atọ na-asụ na steeti Uttarakhand na Himachal Pradesh, na India. A na-asụ ya n'ọtụtụ obodo, na obodo atọ bụ isi bụ Jadhang, Nelang na Pulam Sumda na mpaghara Harsil nke Uttarkashi District . ^[1] Jad nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Lahuli–Spiti, nke bụ asụsụ Tibetic ọzọ. ^[2] A na-asụ Jad n'akụkụ Garhwali na Hindi . Mgbanwe koodu n'etiti Jad na Garhwali bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Asụsụ a na-enweta ụfọdụ okwu site na Hindi na Garhwali. Ọ bụ isi asụsụ a na-asụ.

Ịkpọ aha

Aha Bhotia pụtara "ndị si n'ebe ugwu", na-ezo aka na mpaghara mpaghara nke ndị bi na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. ^[3] Aha Bhotia gụnyere nnukwu asụsụ ma ejiri ya na-ezo aka na ọtụtụ otu, ndị Bhotias nke Nelang na-asụ Jad kpọmkwem. Okwu Bhotia enweghị njikọ na asụsụ nke ndị Bhutan, nke bụ steeti Himalaya nwere onwe ya na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke subcontinent. ^[3] Aha Jad sitere na aha obodo oge okpomọkụ, ebe ndị Jad na-anọ n'oge okpomọkụ, nke a na-akpọ Jadhang. ^[1]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Nkuzi nkuzi na Jad na ndi mmadu nwere oke oke. Edobeghị ndị mmadụ nyocha nke ọma ma ọ bụ nyocha. A gbasasịa ọrụ na nke na-ejighị n'aka. N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1977, e nwere ihe abụọ kpatara enweghị akwụkwọ mmụta na asụsụ na ndị mmadụ. Nke mbụ, ndị Bhotias bi n'ebe siri ike iru na mpaghara ala. Nke abuo, a ga-enwetarịrị ikike nchekwa site na Ngalaba Home na Defence nke India tupu ahapụ ndị ọkà mmụta ka ha gaa na ókèala ebe Jad bi. ^[4] N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nyocha nke emere bụ oke na oke na oke.

fonology

Udaume

Tebụlụ na-esonụ na-akọwa ọnọdụ dị n'ọnụ ebe a na-akpọ ụdaume na Jad. ^[5]

	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Elu	i		u
N'etiti	e	ə	o
Dị ala			a

Enweghị diphthong na Jad, mana ụdaume na-emekarị n'usoro. Enweghị iwu siri ike maka ịtụ ụdaume ga-adaba mgbe n'usoro n'usoro, a na-ahụ ọtụtụ iwu dị iche iche na Jad. [ 7 ]

Ụdaume na-adịkarị ka a na-agbapụta imi mgbe ha na-eso consonant nke imi imi, ma na-afụkwa ụda mgbe edobere ha n'ihu ebe a na-akwụsị glottal. [ 8 ]

Ejikọtara ụda dị elu na ụdaume tupu okwu-ikpeazụ /h/ ma ọ bụ mgbe okwu-mmalite retroflex na eze plosives. [ 9 ]

Consonants

Consonants^[6]
		Bilabial	Dental	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	ʈ	c	k	(ʔ)
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ	cʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d	ɖ	ɟ	ɡ
	breathy-voice	(bʱ)	(dʱ)	(ɖʱ)	ɟʱ	(ɡʱ)
Fricative			s		ɕ		h
Laterals					l (lʱ)
Rhotic			r (rʱ)	ɽ
Semi-vowels		w			j

Ọkwa ụda olu nke ume ume bʱ dʱ wdg ejighị n'aka. A na-achọta ha naanị na mmalite nke okwu ahụ, ebe enwere ọchịchọ siri ike maka ụda plosives, imi na mmiri mmiri na-achọsi ike. Ndị na-achọsi ike ikwu okwu adịghị, n'ụkpụrụ, dị iche na ndị na-abụghị ndị na-achọsi ike. DD Sharma na-ekwu na ọ dị ka enwere mgbanwe dị iche iche ebe a, na ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike chọpụta nke gụnyere okwu mgbazinye ego, mana agbanyeghị na-ekpebi imecha ha dị ka allophones . [ 11 ]

Achọpụtara fricative glottal / h / dị ka velar fricative / x / n'etiti ụdaume: /laha/ -> [laxa] 'ọrụ'. [ 12 ]

Ọtụtụ consonants nwere ike ịmalite okwu, ewezuga /ɳ/ na /ɽ/ . Naanị consonants nwere ike ịpụta na njedebe nke okwu bụ consonants mmiri (dị ka /l/ na /r/ ), na plosive ndị a na-ekwu okwu /b d ɡ/ . [ 13 ] A na-akpachapụkarị consonants olu mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ nke okwu ma ọ bụ na-abịa ozugbo n'ihu ụda enweghị olu. A na-akpọkarị plosive ndị a na-akpọghị ụda mgbe ọ na-abịa n'azụ ụda olu. Na ngwụcha okwu ahụ tupu nkwụsịtụ, /ɡ/ na /d/, na ruo n'ókè dị nta, consonants ndị ọzọ a na-ekwu okwu, na-abụkarị nke a na-atụgharị : /pʰeroɡ/ -> [pʰeroʔ] . [ 9 ] Dị ka ụdaume dị na Jad, ịkpọ okwu nke consonant ụda na-agbanwe dabere n'ụda ndị gbara consonants.

Enwere ike ịhụ ụyọkọ consonant n'akụkụ mbụ na etiti okwu. Na mbido okwu a, ụyọkọ consonant na-abụkarị ụdị plosive (ma ọ bụ fricative) + otu n'ime ụdaume /j w/ : /ɡwã/ 'akwa', /myabo/ 'ogbenye', /swã/ 'ọhụrụ'. [ 14 ]

Nhazi okwu

Okwu nwere ike ịbụ mono morphemic ma ọ bụ polymorphemic. Okwu na-eso usoro iwu a:

Okwu nwere ike ibido na consonant ọ bụla ma ṇ na ṛ.
Okwu obodo na-ejedebe n'ụdaume, ụdaume, imi, ma ọ bụ consonant mmiri mmiri .
Ọ nweghị okwu obodo na-amalite ma ọ bụ mechie n'ụyọkọ consonant ọzọ karịa ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.
Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ nweghị consonant a na-achọsi ike, ụda ume ume, ma ọ bụ obere ụdaume na-akwụsị okwu obodo.
Okwu nwere ntakịrị nkwụsịtụ n'akụkụ abụọ n'ime ha n'ime obere oge nke ikwu okwu. [ 15 ]

A na-ejikwa usoro mkpụrụokwu ndị kwere ekwe kpachie nhazi okwu. Mkpụrụokwu ndị akwadoro bụ /V/, /VC/, /CV/, /CCV/, /CVC/, /CCVC/, na /CVCC/. Enwere ike ijikọta mkpụrụokwu ndị a ka ha mepụta okwu dị ogologo. [ 15 ]

Aha aha

Na Jad, aha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe ngwaa. Aha aha dị n'okpuru ọnụọgụgụ, okike, na ikpe. Aha ndị na-adịghị ndụ enweghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ma agbanweghị maka ọnụọgụgụ ọtụtụ. Aha anụmanụ na aha mmadụ nwere usoro dị iche iche maka akara okike. Pluralization bụ maka naanị mmadụ. [ 15 ] Enwere ike ịmepụta aha ọhụrụ site n'ịgbakwunye ị ga-atụgharị ọhụrụ, na-emegharị ị ga-emegharị, ma ọ bụ ịgbakwunye suffixes. [ 15 ]

A na-egosipụta okike n'ụzọ abụọ. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye prefixes iji gosi okike nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ma ọ bụ jiri okwu dị iche iche maka ndị ogbo nwanyị na nwoke. Plurals ka akara na aha ndụ ndụ site n'ịgbakwunye ọtụtụ suffixes. Enwere ike idetu ọtụtụ aha na aha na-adịghị ndụ site n'iji okwu nkọwa nye nkọwa gbasara aha, mana enweghị ike ịgbanwe onwe ha ka ọ nọchite anya ọtụtụ. [ 15 ]

A na-eji okwu dị iche iche nke aha kọwaa ọrụ dị iche iche. Ndị a gụnyere ihe onwunwe, isiokwu, ihe, ụzọ, nzube, uru, nkewa, mmalite, ihe mejupụtara, oge, ebe, wdg. [ 15 ]

Usoro okwu

Jad na-agbaso usoro nke aha-adjective. Otu ihe atụ bụ nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ "nkịta ojii nke ukwuu." Na Jad, nkebi okwu a bụ " khi nagpo məŋpo cig ", ma ọ bụ "nkịta ojii nnọọ otu." Nke a na-egosi usoro aha-adjective okwu. Ọ na-edokwa adjectives n'ihu ndị na-akọwa ogo, na-agbaso ụdị nrịbama-ogo syntactic. Mpɛn pii no, susuw sɛnea Jad ne “ nagpo məŋpo ” no kyerɛ no, na nagpo frɛ no mfirihyia apem no. ^[7]

Ederede

Asụsụ a abụla nke ọnụ. Edere asụsụ Jad site na iji ụdị edemede Tibet dị iche iche nke Ume mgbe ha na Tibet na-azụ ahịa, n'oge ọchịchị Tehri. ^[8]

Ọnọdụ

Ọ bụ isi asụsụ a na-asụ. Nzikọrịta ozi niile edere bụ na Hindi. Echiche maka Jad adịghị mma na nkwado ụlọ ọrụ dị nta. Agụmakwụkwọ, mgbasa ozi, igwe onyonyo, na isi mmalite niile gọọmentị na-esi enweta ozi dị na Hindi. ^[1] Ọ dịghị akwụkwọ a ma ama, ewezuga nsụgharị otu ibe nke akụkọ gbasara nwa mmefu. [ 15 ] Ọ nọ n'ihe egwu siri ike ma nọrọ n'ihe egwu siri ike, amabeghị ma ọnọdụ asụsụ abụọ na mgbanwe koodu ga-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ na Hindi ma ọ bụ Garhwali ga-anọchi Jad kpamkpam.

Ntụaka

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Sharma (2001). "A Study on the Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh". Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages 19 (19): 187–194. Retrieved on 4 May 2014. Sharma, Suhnu Ram (2001). . Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages. 19 (19): 187–194. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
↑ Bonnerjea (1936). "Phonology of Some Tibeto-Burman Dialects of the Himalayan Region". T'oung Pao 32 (4): 240–241.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Chatterjee (January 1976). "The Bhotias of Uttarakhand". India International Centre Quarterly 3 (1): 3–15.
↑ Chatterjee (December 1977). "Literature on Bhotias of Kumaun-Garhwal and a Bibliography". Indian Anthropologist 7 (2): 125–137.
↑ Sharma (1990). Tibeto-Himalayan Languages of Uttarakhand. New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1–90. ISBN 81-7099-171-4.
↑ Sharma 1990, p. 9ff. Some of the IPA assignments are tentative as the source does not always supply sufficient phonetic detail.
↑ Dryer. "Word Order in Tibeto-Burman Languages". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area: 1–78. Retrieved on 5 May 2014.
↑ PLSI Languages of Uttarakhand, 29.

Njikọ mpụga

[1] na oru ngo asusu di egwu
[2] na mmalite nchọpụta asụsụ India nke narị afọ nke 20

[A_Study_on_the_Tibeto-Burman_Languages_of_Uttar_Pradesh-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Sharma (2001). "A Study on the Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh". Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages 19 (19): 187–194. Retrieved on 4 May 2014. Sharma, Suhnu Ram (2001). . Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages. 19 (19): 187–194. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.

[2] Bonnerjea (1936). "Phonology of Some Tibeto-Burman Dialects of the Himalayan Region". T'oung Pao 32 (4): 240–241.

[The_Bhotias_of_Uttarakhand-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Chatterjee (January 1976). "The Bhotias of Uttarakhand". India International Centre Quarterly 3 (1): 3–15.

[Literature_on_Bhotias_of_Kumaun-Garhwal_and_a_Bibliography-4] Chatterjee (December 1977). "Literature on Bhotias of Kumaun-Garhwal and a Bibliography". Indian Anthropologist 7 (2): 125–137.

[Sharma1990-5] Sharma (1990). Tibeto-Himalayan Languages of Uttarakhand. New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1–90. ISBN 81-7099-171-4.

[FOOTNOTESharma19909ff-6] Sharma 1990, p. 9ff. Some of the IPA assignments are tentative as the source does not always supply sufficient phonetic detail.

[7] Dryer. "Word Order in Tibeto-Burman Languages". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area: 1–78. Retrieved on 5 May 2014.

[8] PLSI Languages of Uttarakhand, 29.

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