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Asụsụ Jarawa (Andaman Islands)

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Jarawa
N'ebe ahụ
Nkwupụta [əŋ]
A mụrụ ya  India
Ógbè Andaman Islands; ime na ndịda etiti Rutland Island, etiti ime na ndịanda ime nke South Andaman Island, Middle Andaman Island.
Agbụrụ Jarawa
Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala
 (266, 70% nke ndị agbụrụ e depụtara 2001-2002) [1]
Ongan
  • Jarawa
Edere ya, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eji Devanagari ede ya.
Koodu asụsụ
ISO 639-3 anq
Glottolog jara1245
ELP Jarawa
Isiokwu a nwere akara ụdaolu IPA. Enweghị nkwado nsụgharị kwesịrị ekwesị, ị nwere ike ịhụ Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Specials (Unicode block)">akara ajụjụ, igbe, ma ọ bụ akara ndị ọzọ kama mkpụrụedemede Unicode. Maka ntuziaka mmeghe na akara IPA, lee Help:IPA.

Järawa ma ọ bụ Jarwa bụ otu n'ime Asụsụ Ongan. Ọ bụ Ndị Jarawa bi n'ime ime na ndịda etiti Rutland Island, etiti ime, na ndịda ime South Andaman Island, na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Middle Andaman Island na-asụ ya.[2]

Järawa pụtara [2] "ndị mba ọzọ" na Aka-Bea, asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke ndị iro ọdịnala ha. Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ n'ụwa, ha na-akpọ onwe ha "ndị mmadụ" n'asụsụ ha, aong.abụ.

A na-ewere asụsụ Jarawa nke Andaman Islands dị ka nke na-adịghị ike.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Jarawa bụ asụsụ nke ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ihe na-ejikarị eme ihe n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Andaman na Nicobar Islands.[2]

E wezụga inwe akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-azụ azụ̀ ọdịnala, ha nwekwara aha ọma dịka ndị agha na ndị na-agbachitere ókèala ha n'enweghị mgbagha. Ndị Jarawa dị ndụ dị ka agbụrụ n'agbanyeghị na ha na-ata ahụhụ dị ukwuu site na ọrịa ndị na-efe efe n'èzí nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi.[5]

Jarawas nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 270 fọdụrụ ugbu a. Ihe egwu ha bụ ụzọ awara awara, Andaman Trunk Road, na-agafe n'ókèala ha na ebe nchekwa nke 1,028 square kilomita nke oké ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[3]

A na-eche na ndị nna nna nke ndị Jarawa bụ akụkụ nke mbata mbụ nke mmadụ si n'Afrịka. Taa, Andaman Islands ka dị iche iche, ọtụtụ narị puku ndị India bi ugbu a n'àgwàetiti ahụ.[3]

Ebe a na-ekesa ya

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Ọnọdụ gọọmentị

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Jarawa bụ asụsụ gọọmentị na India, ọkachasị Andaman Islands.

Enweghị olumba ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche a maara na ha sitere ma ọ bụ sitere na asụsụ Jarawa.[4]

Ụda na ụdaolu

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There are two varieties of Jarawa languages. One is spoken in the northern Middle Andaman and southern Middle Andaman.[8] [<span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page<span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span>needed</span>]

Jarawa nwere ụda 41, ụdaume 28 na ụdaume 13.[2]

Asụsụ a sitere n'asụsụ nne na nna a maara dị ka Proto-Andamanese. Site n'ime ebe a sara mbara, Little Andamanese mepụtara. Onge, Jarawa, na ikekwe Sentinelese niile gbasara obere Andamanese, si otú a na-ekerịta njirimara yiri nke ahụ na ọdịbendị na asụsụ.[9]

Mkpụrụedemede

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N'ihu Central Ịlaghachi azụ
N'akụkụ i   u
N'etiti etiti e ɘ o
N'etiti   ə  
Emeghe   a  

Asụsụ Jarawa na-eji nso (elu), etiti, na oghere eme ihe iji mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịdị elu nke ụdaume. Maka ọnọdụ ire, ha na-akọwa ụdaume dị ka n'ihu, n'etiti, na n'azụ. Maka ọnọdụ egbugbere ọnụ, a na-akọwa ụdaume dị ka nke gbara gburugburu ma ọ bụ nke na-enweghị agba gburugburu. Enwere ike ịkewa ụdaume n'asụsụ ahụ n'ìgwè atọ:

  1. Mkpụrụedemede abụọ dị n'ihu - [i] na [e]
  2. Mkpụrụedemede abụọ n'azụ - [u] na [o]
  3. Mkpụrụedemede atọ dị n'etiti - [[, [ə], na [a]

E nwekwara ụdaume abụọ dị n'etiti, [ɛ] na [ɔ], mana a kọwaghị ọnọdụ ụdaume ha. N'ihi na oge ha na-apụta dị ntakịrị, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ugboro ole a na-eji ha eme ihe na ọnọdụ ha.

Ogologo dị ezigbo mkpa n'asụsụ a n'ihi na ha nwere ụdaume dị mkpirikpi na ogologo.[2]

Mkpụrụ okwu

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Akpụkpọ ahụ Ezé ezé Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Mkpịsị aka
plain lab. plain lab.
Ụgbọ imi m n̪ ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t̪ ʈ c k
voiced b d̪ ɖ ɟ ɡ
aspirated t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ kʷʰ
Ihe na-esiri ike ɸ ʃ h hʷ
Trill/Flap r ɽ
Ihe atụ w l (Ọ) j

Ihe ndị e ji mara ya

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N'etiti ụdaume iri abụọ na asatọ niile, ụda olu na ụda olu na-adịghị na ụda olu dị na ụda olu. N'asụsụ a, n'asụsụ a na-akpọ nasals, n'akụkụ, n'azụ, n'ihu, n'olu, n'elu, n'etiti, n'ihi na n'akụkụ.

Enwekwara ihe atụ abụọ n'asụsụ Jarawa, ndị a bụ egbugbere ọnụ na ọnụ, yana fricatives ole na ole dị ka pharyngeal fricative na bilabial fricative. E nwekwara ụdaume abụọ, dị ka pharyngeal fricative na voiceless aspirated velar plosive.[2]

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti /p/ na /b/ na-apụ n'anya, na /p/ ịghọ /b/ (Rịba ama na Onge /p/ adịghị na phonemically). [10]

Okwu Jarawa bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu mkpụrụ okwu, okwu ọdịnaya bụ ma ọ dịghị ihe dị ka bimoraic.[10] Mkpụrụ okwu kachasị elu bụ CVC. [10]

/c/ olu intervocalically na gburugburu ebe obibi, /ə/ syncopates mgbe ụdaume ọzọ na-esote ya gafee ókèala morpheme, /ə / na-aghọ [o] mgbe mkpụrụedemede na-eso ya nwere ụdaume dị gburugburu, a pụkwara ihichapụ mkpụrụedemede dum na okwu ngwa ngwa.[10]

Asụsụ

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Ọdịdị

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Maka itinye okwu n'ime ya, Jarawa nwere ọdịdị dị mfe dịka ọ na-eji prefixes na suffixes. Ụdị prefixes abụọ a bụ:

  • Otu nke bụ nnọchiaha nke na-ejikọta ngwaa, adjectives, na aha
  • Otu nke na-egosi nkọwa ma ọ bụ ntụaka, ma na-ejikọta naanị na ngwaa.

E bu n'obi itinye okwu mgbakwunye iji gosipụta ọtụtụ ihe mgbe ejikọtara ya na aha ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ obi, usoro, na ihe akaebe mgbe ejikọtara ya na ngwaa. Mgbe a na-etinye okwu mgbakwunye, ha nwere ike igosi ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe.[2]

Na Jarawa, mkpụrụ okwu nwere ike ịbụ mgbọrọgwụ nwere onwe ya nke dị n'adabereghị onwe ya dịka n'ihe gbasara /napo/ nke pụtara 'azụ'. Ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ mgbọrọgwụ nwere oke nke na-eme na prefixes dị ka na /ən-oɖə/ nke pụtara 'ntutu'. Ngwaa dịka /ən-ətəhə/ nke pụtara 'ntutu' nwere ike ịbụ mgbọrọgwụ nwere oke. N'ọnọdụ abụọ a, ma mgbọrọgwụ aha maka 'ntutu' ma ọ bụ mgbọrọgwụ okwu maka 'ntutu', enweghị ike ịpụta n'adabereghị onwe ya ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-ezo aka na mmadụ. A ga-etinyerịrị mgbọrọgwụ nwere oke na ụfọdụ morpheme tupu oge eruo.[2]

A chọpụtala na Jarawa nwere ụdị okwu isii:

  • Aha
  • Ngwaa
  • Aha nnọchiaha
  • Adjectives
  • Okwu mmeghe
  • Ebe e debere ya

Aha, ngwaa, nkọwa na nkọwa bụ klas mepere emepe ebe aha na ngwaa dị ọtụtụ, nkọwa na nkọwa na nkọwa na-adịghịkwa ole na ole. Ọnọdụ na nnọchiaha bụ klas mechiri emechi nwere obere ọnụọgụ lexeme. Usoro ọnụọgụ okwu dị na klaasị ọ bụla n'usoro na-abawanye bụ ndị a: ọnọdụ post, nnọchiaha, okwu mgbakwunye, nkọwa, ngwaa, na aha.

E nwere ụdị nnọchiaha atọ: nnọchiaha onwe onye (nkwupụta), nnọchiaha na-egosi, na nnọchiaha ajụjụ. Ụdị onye mbụ nke nnọchiaha onwe onye bụ 'mi', ụdị onye nke abụọ bụ 'ŋi ~ ni ~ ən', na ụdị onye nke atọ bụ 'hi ~ əhi'.[2]

Nchịkọta okwu

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Jarawa na-eji ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke usoro ahịrịokwu: ahịrịokwu na-enweghị ngwaa ebe aha ma ọ bụ adjectives na-arụ ọrụ dị ka isi nke okwu na ahịrịokwu okwu ebe ngwaa bụ isi nke okwu, na arụmụka isi. Ụdị ahịrịokwu abụọ ahụ nwere ọdịdị ọdịdị na nhazi okwu dị iche iche.[2]

N'ajụjụ ee ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, ajụjụ niile na-amalite na ka. A na-egosi usoro ahụ dị ka: ka + [isiokwu] + + [okwu].

/Onəh-le/ nwere ike ịpụta 'ihe a na-eme' ma ọ bụ 'ihe kpatara ya', /ŋi onəhə-Le/ pụtara 'Gịnị ka ị na-eme?' na /ŋi on 9:2ə-le ɖ-iche/ pụtara 'Ihe mere i ji mee nke ahụ?'[2]

Usoro ide ihe

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Ndị Jarawas enweghị usoro ide ihe. N'ihe osise ndị a hụrụ, ahịrị ndị na-agba gburugburu ga-anọchite anya oké osimiri ya mere ọ bụ naanị ihe osise ma ọ bụ foto ka a ga-ese iji kwurịta okwu.[5] CIIL, Mysore ewebatala Devanagari na Latịn edepụtara maka asụsụ Jarawa. [5][6] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na L1 maka Jarawas dị n'okpuru 1%.

TheIhe atụ nke ojiji kwa ụbọchị

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Ihe atụ ndị na-esonụ na-egosi obere ụzọ abụọ, ahịrịokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị, na okwu ikwu.[2]

Ndị a na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume /i/ na /u/:

  • = 'ọcha'
  • /innə-gə cew/ = 'na-esi ísì ọma'
  • /hulu/ = 'na-ekpo ọkụ'
  • /unnə/ = 'laghachi n'ụlọ'

Ndị a na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume /e/ na /o/:

  • /tape/ = 'ọnwa'
  • /tapo/ = 'ezi'

Ndị a na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti /o/ na /a/:

  • /topo/ = 'agwọ'
  • /tapo/ = 'ezi'

Ndị a na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume /a/ na /ə/:

  • /hwawə/ = 'mmiri'
  • /hwəwə/ = 'anụ ọhịa ọhịa'

Okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị

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  • /mi bəī-jə/: M/Anyị na-aga.
  • /mi omohə/: M/Anyị na-ehi ụra.
  • /mi ŋ-əjojəba/: Ahụrụ m gị.

Okwu ndị ikwu

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  • Nna: /ummə/
  • Nne: /kaja/
  • Di: /a:gi/
  • Nwunye: /əŋa:p/
  • Nwanne nwanyị nke okenye: /a:mi/
  • Nwanne Ukwu: /a:pə/
  • Nwa nwoke / Nwa nwanyị: /ajə/
  • Nwanne nwoke / nwanne nwanyị nke obere: /aikhwaʹə/

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Paty, Chittaranjan Kumar (2007). Forest, Government, and Tribe. Concept Publishing Company. p. 102. ISBN 9788180694066.
  2. ↑ Zamponi (2020). A Grammar of Akabea, Bernard Comrie, Oxford: Oxford University Press USA - OSO. ISBN 978-0-19-885579-8. 
  3. 1 2 Jarawa History. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved on 2017-02-10.
  4. ↑ Glottolog: Language: Jarawa (India).
  5. ↑ CIIL, Jarawa Handbook (2000).
  6. ↑ Omniglot, Jarawa Alphabet.

Akwụkwọ

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  • Abbi (2013). A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language, Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23527-4. 
  • Jarawa. Database for Indigenous Cultural Evolution. University of Missouri.
  •  
  • Sreenathan (2008). "Palaeolithic Cognitive Inheritance in Aesthetic Behavior of the Jarawas of the Andaman Islands". Anthropos 103 (2): 367–392. DOI:10.5771/0257-9774-2008-2-367. 
  • Zide (October 1989). "A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics". Journal of the American Oriental Society 109 (4): 639–651. DOI:10.2307/604090. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • Blevins (2007). "A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands". Oceanic Linguistics 46 (1): 154–198. DOI:10.1353/ol.2007.0015. 
  • Cipriani (1959). "The Jarawa Problem". Bulletin of the Bihar Tribal Research Institute 1: 43–55. 
  • Colebrooke (1795). "On the Andaman Islands". Asiatick Researches 4: 385–395. 
  • Conant (1961). "Jarawa Kin Systems of Reference and Address: A Componential Comparison". Anthropological Linguistics 3 (2): 19–33. 
  • Coomar (1994). "Jarawa", in Pandit: Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Madras: Anthropological Survey of India, 81–86. 
  • Earl (1853). The Native Races of the Indian Archipelago: The Papuans. London: Hippolyte Bailliere. DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.101733. OCLC 786043. 
  • Mann (1973). "Jarawas of Andaman - An analysis of hostility". Man in India 53: 201–220. 
  • Marsden (1834). "On the Polynesian, or East-Insular languages", Miscellaneous Works of William Marsden. London: Parbury, Allen and Co., 1–117. 
  • Nair (1979). "A note on the language of Jarawas". Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India 28: 17–38. 
  • Sarkar (1962). "The Jarawa of the Andaman Islands". Anthropos 57 (3/6): 670–677. 
  • Senkuttuvan (2000). The Language of the Jarawa (Phonology). Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India. OCLC 47893884. 
  • Sreenathan (2001). The Jarawas: Language and Culture. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India. 
  • Temple (1903). "Languages", The Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Press, 96–138. 

Njikọ mpụga

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Templeeti:Andamanese languages

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