Asụsụ Jemez
| Jemez Towa | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | United States | |
| Region: | New Mexico | |
| Total speakers: | 3,000 | |
| Language family: | Tanoan Jemez | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | tow
| |
| Sandoval County New Mexico Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Jemez Pueblo Highlighted.svg | ||
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Jemez (nakwa Towa ) bụ asụsụ Kiowa-Tanoan nke ndị Jemez Pueblo na-asụ na New Mexico . O nweghị akwụkwọ a na-edekarị, n’ihi na iwu ebo anaghị ekwe ka e degharịa asụsụ ahụ; Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-akọwa asụsụ ejirila akara ụda olu America jiri ntakịrị mgbanwe.
Ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị na-ekwu okwu ya bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị omenkà . A na-asụ asụsụ ahụ naanị na Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico, mana dịka 90% nke ndị otu Jemez na-asụ ya. A naghị ele ya anya dị ka ihe [ ] oke egwu . A na-asụkwa ya na Pecos Pueblo ruo na narị afọ nke 19, mgbe ndị fọdụrụ n'ime obodo ahụ kwagara Jemez.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpịsị aka ndị dị na mbikọ na-eme naanị n'oge nwere obere oge nke iwu ụda na-ekpebi . [f] na [ɾ] ime naanị na okwu mbinye ego.
| Labial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Alveopalatal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | palatalized | labialized | ||||||||
| Nasal | voiced | /m/ | /n/ | |||||||
| glottalized | (/ʔm/) | (/ʔn/) | ||||||||
| Stop | voiced | /b/ | /d/ | (/d͡ʒ/) | /ɡ/ | /ɡʲ/ | ||||
| voiceless | /p/ | /t/ | /tʲ/ | /kʷ/ | /ʔ/ | |||||
| aspirated | (/tʰ/) | (/t͡ʃʰ/) | /kʰ/ | /kʰʲ/ | ||||||
| ejective | /pʼ/ | /tʼ/ | (/t͡ʃʼ/) | /kʼ/ | /kʲʼ/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiced | /v/ | /z/ | /ɦ/ | ||||||
| voiceless | /ɸ/ | /f/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /h/ | |||||
| Lateral | voiced | /l/ | ||||||||
| voiceless | (/ɬ/) | |||||||||
| glottalized | (/ʔl/) | |||||||||
| Flap | /ɾ/ | |||||||||
| Glide | central | /j/ | /w/ | |||||||
| glottalized | (/ʔj/) | (/ʔw/) | ||||||||
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Chaatị a na-egosi àgwà ụdaume bụ ụda olu na Jemez:
| n'ihu | etiti | azụ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nkenke | ogologo | nkenke | ogologo | nkenke | ogologo | |
| elu | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | ||
| etiti | e | eː | o õ | oː õː | ||
| ala | æ æ̃ | æː æ̃ː | ɑ ɑ̃ | ɑː ɑ̃ː | ||
Ha niile ma /e/ nwere ike ime dị ka mkpụmkpụ imi na ogologo imi ụdaume . Ụdaume Central /ɨ ɨ̃/ nwekwara ike ghọta dị ka ụda ụdaume azụ [ɯ ɯ̃] . Nke a na-enye mkpokọta ụdaume iri abụọ na abụọ pụrụ iche. Rịba ama na ogologo ụdaume dị iche na mkpụrụokwu mbụ nke otu okwu : 26 na ụdaume mkpịrịsị ndị ọzọ dị mkpụmkpụ [1] : 29
Ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Jemez nwere ụda anọ: Elu, Falling, Mid, and Low. Mpịakọta okwu mbụ nwere naanị ụda dị elu ma ọ bụ ada ada; mkpụrụokwu ndị ọzọ nwere ụda etiti ma ọ bụ nke dị ala (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ syllables ndị na-eso ụda dị elu nwekwara ụda dị elu). A na-ejikarị okwu atọ nwere usoro ụda dị ka HHL, HML, HLM, HLL, na FLM. : 26
Ụfọdụ okwu mbinye ego na-emebi iwu ndị a, dị ka mbinye ego Spanish maka kọfị, ịnyịnya, na oroma . Okwu ndị a nwere ụda dị elu na ogologo ụdaume dị iche na nke abụọ, ebe mkpụrụokwu nke mbụ na-ebu ụda dị ala. : 26
Ụda dị elu Jemez na-enwekarị ịrị elu na njedebe. Consonants nwere olu na-ejikarị ụda dị elu belata mmalite nke pitch. Ọ bụrụ na enwere ọtụtụ ụda dị elu n'usoro, ụda ahụ na-agbakwa elu n'ofe. : 27, 31 Ụda ọdịda na-ada site na ọkwa dị elu ruo n'etiti pitch. [1] : 27
For compound nouns or verbs with noun incorporation, nke abụọ mmewere efunahụ ya okwu-mmalite prominence: elu ụda na-aghọ mid ma ọ bụ obere ụda na vowel ogologo iche na-efunahụ. : 32
Nhazi mkpụrụedemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Jemez na-enye ohere maka usoro mkpụrụedemede ndị a: V, VV, CV, CVV, CVC, CVVC. N'ime ndị a, CV na CVV bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị.
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngwaa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na Jemez ihe eji eme ngwaa bụ:
- Mgbakwụnye prefix – adverb agbakwunyere – agbakwunyere aha – ngwaa azuokokoosisi – ihe nrịbama akwara – urughuru subordinating.
| Class | Singular | Dual | Plural | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | tyó | tyósh | tyósh | “girl(s)” |
| séé | séésh | séésh | “eagle(s)” | |
| wǫ̂ǫ̂hǫ | wǫ̂ǫ̂hǫsh | wǫ̂ǫ̂hǫsh | “star(s)” | |
| II | hhúsh | hhúsh | hhú | “cedar(s)” |
| hwúúyʔash | hwúúyʔash | hwúúyʔa | “weed(s)” | |
| tââsash | tââsash | tââsa | “cup(s)” | |
| III | pá | pásh | pá | “flower(s)” |
| dééhede | dééhedesh | dééhede | “'shirt(s)” | |
| tį̂į̂nįtà | tį̂į̂nįtàsh | tį̂į̂nįtà | “pillow” | |
| IV | ʔǫ̂ǫ̂ʔe | - | “sugar” | |
| p’æ̂ | - | "water" | ||
| aró | - | “rice” | ||
Adjectives
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Adjectives Jemez na-akpa àgwà dị iche na Bekee ma ọ bụ asụsụ Europe ndị ọzọ. N'asụsụ Jemez ngwaa steetị, na-egosi ọrụ nke adjectives n'asụsụ ndị Europe, ebe e nwekwara obere okwu nke a na-akpọ "adjectives noun". Otu okwu nta a bụ aha n'otu n'otu n'ihi na ha na-ewere suffixes ọnụọgụ mana ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka adjectives. Okwu adjectives aha ndị a nwere ike, dị ka aha ndị ọzọ dị na Jemez, were akara ntụgharị, ha nwekwara ike jikọta ya na aha ndị ọzọ, njirimara ọzọ maka aha Jemez. Ọmụmatụ nke okwu ndị dị na ngalaba nkọwa aha a bụ okwu ndị pụtara nnukwu, obere, kpuru ìsì na ochie. [2]
Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Jemez bụ asụsụ pro-dobe, nke pụtara na nnọchiaha ndị nọọrọ onwe ha anaghị adịkarị na nkebiokwu. Agbanyeghị, a naghị enwekarị nghọtahie ọ pụtara ebe ọ bụ na etinyere arụmụka nke ngwaa ahụ site na prefixes nnochite anya jikọtara ya na ya. Nnọchiaha nọọrọ onwe ya na Jemez na-edepụta mkpụrụedemede abụọ (1st, na 2nd) na ọnụọgụ abụọ (otu, na dual/plural), na ụdị clusivity abụọ maka mmadụ mbụ sọrọ-plural, ya bụ gụnyere ("Gị na mụ / anyị") na naanị ("Anyị ma ọ bụghị gị"). Enweghị okwu dị iche iche maka nnọchiaha onye nke atọ, ọ bụ ezie na ngosipụta ( dôôtæ̨ “na” na nį́į́t'æsh “ ndị ahụ”) nwere ike mezuo ọrụ ahụ.
| Otu | Abụọ-Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Na-agụnye | Nanị | ||
| Mbụ | nne | nịį (sh) | ʔɨ̨́ɨ̨́(sh) |
| Nke abụọ | ʔɨ̨́wą́ | ʔɨ̨́mįsh | |
| Nke atọ | dôôtæ̨ | ihe efu | |
Robert Sprout kwuru na ndị na-ekwu okwu nwere ike ịhapụ /-sh/ na onye mbụ nwere ọnụọgụ abụọ, na-eme ka o kwe omume iji nį́į́ mee ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ. The inclusive first person plural is form is ʔɨ̨́ɨ̨́ na ʔɨ̨́ɨ̨́sh, nke ikpeazụ a na-akọ dị ka a na-ele anya dị ka ihe formal ọ bụ ezie na a nụrụ ha abụọ. [2]
Nanị vs. gụnyere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-eji ihe ngụkọ na nke pụrụ iche gosi njikọ dị n'etiti ndị ọkà okwu abụọ ahụ, n'ihe gbasara isiokwu dị n'aka. Mgbakwunye ahụ ga-etinye ọkà okwu na onye na-ekwu okwu ya, ma ọ bụ onye a na-agwa okwu n'otu otu, ma ọ bụ ihe a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "n'ime otu". Ya mere, n'ụzọ ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji nanị ya, ọ na-egosi na ha bụ ndị ọzọ. Ọmụmaatụ na-egosi nke a Robert Sprott nyere n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ doctoral ya bụ ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ abụọ na-asụ Jemez nke ọma, otu nwoke Jemez na onye nke ọzọ bụ onye Anglo, ma na-asụkwa Jemez. N'okwu a, ọ bụrụ na nwoke ahụ na-ekwu maka isiokwu sara mbara, dị ka nsogbu ụmụ mmadụ na-eche ihu, otu ahụ ga-abụ mmadụ ọ bụla, ya mere na nke a, a ga-eji "ʔų́ųsh" gụnyere n'ihi na ha abụọ nọ n'otu otu. N'ịga n'ihu n'ihe atụ a, ọ bụrụ na mmadụ agbanwee isiokwu ahụ gaa na nsogbu ndị òtù na-eche ihu gbasara ụmụ amaala America ma ọ bụ ọbụna karị, ndị òtù nke nanị obodo Jemez, mgbe ahụ nwoke Jemez ga-eji "nį́į́sh", n'ihi na ha agakwaghị abụ ndị otu otu.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-egosi mmekọrịta nke ọkà okwu na onye a na-agwa okwu, ọ bụghị nanị iji gosipụta mmekọrịta a kapịrị ọnụ, kama a pụkwara iji ya gosipụta mgbanwe na mmekọrịta a, dabere n'otú ọkà okwu si aghọta ma ọ bụ chọọ ka onye ọ na-agwa okwu na ndị ọzọ ghọta mmekọrịta ahụ. N'ịga n'ihu n'ihe atụ nke Sprott nyere, ọ bụrụ na nwoke Jemez chọrọ ịkwusi ike na Anglo abụghị onye mbịarambịa nye Jemez mgbe ahụ ọ nwere ike iji "ʔų́ųsh" gụnyere. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na a na-akụziri nwoke a otú e si abụ Jemez, mgbe ahụ, mgbe ahụ, "ʔų́ųsh" ga-ebukwu ihe agbamume pụtara iji mezuo ihe ndị a tụrụ anya ya. N'okwu a, ọ na-egosi otú nhọrọ na nnọchiaha nwere ike isi jiri gosipụta ịdị n'otu, na nke ọzọ nwekwara ike ịbụ eziokwu. Ihe atụ e nyere bụ: “Kwuo na m nọ n'otu egwuregwu baseball na anyị nwere egwuregwu. Otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu anyị dị mma anaghị abịa maka egwuregwu ahụ, mana anyị na-egwu egwu na-enweghị ya ma anyị meriri na agbanyeghị. E mesịa, agbabatara m ya, o wee jụọ m banyere egwuregwu ahụ, sị, “Ànyị (“ʔų́ų́sh) ”) merie? "Asị m ya, "Ee, anyị ("nį́į́sh") meriri," nke ahụ wepụrụ ya ma weda ya ala." [2]
Ndị na-ekpebi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị na-ekpebi na Jemez nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka nnochiaha onwe, ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ndị na-emegharị aha. Ndị na-akpa àgwà otu a na aha n'ihi na ha nwere ike iweghara akara akara ọnụọgụ. Ọzọkwa mgbe ha na-eme dị ka nnọchiaha nọọrọ onwe ha ha na-ewere otu klaasị ka ihe ha na-ekwu maka ya.
A na-ekewa ndị na-ekpebi n'asụsụ Jemez ụzọ atọ. A na-amata nkewa dị n'etiti otu ndị a site na nkọwa ha na-egosi n'ihe gbasara oghere nke ọkà okwu na aha na-eso onye na-ekpebi.
Klas nke mbụ nke onye na-achọpụta ihe bụ nke a na-eji naanị aha na-ahụ anya ma dị mfe ịnweta onye ọkà okwu, nnweta a yiri ka ọ na-ejikọta ya na mgbalị a ghaghị itinye iji ruo n'aha na anya n'ebe ọkà okwu nọ. Onye na-ekpebi ihe ejiri dabere n'ụdị aha. Ndị na-achọpụta ihe a na-eji mgbe ha dị n'ụdị aha nkịtị bụ: “nų́ų”, “nų́ų́dæ”, “nų́ųtʔæ” na “hhnų́”. Ndị na-ekpebi nke etinyere n'aha n'ụdị ntụgharị bụ: "nų́ų́dæsh" na "nų́ųtʔæsh". Ịgbajikwa ndị na-ekpebi ihe n'ime nkewa ọzọ ga-ekwe omume dabere na ojiji, ndị na-ekpebi nų́ų́dæ” na “nų́ų́dæsh” na-ejikarị eme ihe mgbe onye na-ekpebi ihe na-esochi aha. Mgbe ọ bụghị, kama ịkpọ iwu nke nnọchiaha nọọrọ onwe ya, n'ọnọdụ ahụ ịbụ nkebiokwu aha, mgbe ahụ “nų́ų́ʔtæ” “nų́ų́ʔtæsh” ga-ekwe omume, yana “nų́dæ” na “nų́ųdæsh”. Ọ dị mkpa ka ị mara na e nwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị na-ekwu okwu.
Mgbe onye na-ekpebi na-ejikọta ya na aha, e nwere iwu dị iche iche dabere na klas nke aha, iwu ndị a na-akọwa n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị ga-abụ ma ọ bụ nwere ike were suffix, ma ọ ga-abụ onye na-ekpebi, aha, ma ọ bụ abụọ. Maka aha klaasị I, enwere ọchịchọ ma ọ bụ "iwu" n'ozuzu nke aha ahụ ga-ewere suffix a na-agbanwe agbanwe. Nke ahụ bụ nanị ihe a chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-anabata; ọ ga-ekwe omume ịnwe suffixes abụọ na-agbanwe agbanwe, otu na onye na-ekpebi na otu na aha. Naanị ihe dị n'ọnọdụ adịghị anabata bụ na ebe aha ahụ enweghị suffix a na-agbanwe agbanwe mana onye na-ekpebi nwere. “nų́ųdæsh véélesh” – Ndị ikom a “nų́ųdæ véélesh”- Ndị ikom a “nų́ųdæsh vééle”- Ndị ikom a- Ọ dịghị anabata
Nke a emetụtaghị aha klaasị II ma ọ bụ klaasị III. Maka klaasị abụọ a ụkpụrụ ahụ dị iche, nkwụsi ike nke aha ahụ na-achọ ịweta suffix na-agbanwe agbanwe apụọla, kama anyị na-ahụ na ọ bụrụhaala na onye na-ekpebi ma ọ bụ aha ahụ na-ewere ntụgharị ọ dị mma, mana ọ bụrụ na ha abụọ were suffix -sh inverse, a na-akọ ya dị ka "oke".
Ụdị nke abụọ nke determiner ka anyị ga-enwe naanị otu onye na-ekpebi, "næ̨ ́ æ̨ ́ ". A na-eji onye na-ekpebi ihe a gosi na aha ahụ dị n’ihu ọkà okwu ma “ọ pụghị inweta ya n’ezie.” (sprott) Nke a na-ekpebi n'agbanyeghị na-eji egosi nke a pụtara, anaghị eji oge ọ bụla na nke a bụ mmekọrịta pụrụ iche n'etiti aha na ọkà okwu n'ihi na ojiji ya na-ejedebeghị na naanị aha n'ụdị bụ isi. Mgbe ọ bụ na aha ahụ dị n'ụdị ya dị iche karịa "næ̨ ́ æ̨ ́ " ka e ji “nų́ųdæsh dochie ya”. Onye na-ekpebi “næ̨ ́ æ̨ ́ ” nwere ike, dị ka ndị na-ekpebi ndị ọzọ, nwekwara ike iji dị ka nnọchiaha nọọrọ onwe ya, n’agbanyeghị na enwere ntakịrị mgbanwe; kama “næ̨ ́ æ̨ ́ ” ọ na-aghọ “næ̨ ́ ʔæ̨ ́ ”, ihe dị ka nke a nwekwara a hụrụ na-eme na nke mbụ determiner udi.
Ụdị nke atọ nke ndị na-achọpụta ihe na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti ọkà okwu na aha ebe ọ bụghị ihe dị anya kama kama ahịrị anya, a na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe mgbe aha ahụ na-apụ n'anya n'agbanyeghị ebe dị anya. Ndị na-achọpụta ihe atọ dị na ngalaba a bụ "doo", "dosh" na "ʔoo". Ọzọkwa dị ka n'ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ na-achọpụta ihe, enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti mgbe ejiri ya dị ka nnọchiaha nọọrọ onwe ya ma ọ bụ onye na-ekpebi. Maka “doo” na “dosh” ụdị nnọchiaha nọọrọ onwe ya bụ “doʔo” na “doʔsh”, mana maka “ʔoo” nke a abụghị ihe dị ka ọ bụ ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ n’etiti ndị niile na-ekpebi nke a na-ejighị n’aha. E wezụga na ejighi ya dị ka okwu nnọchiaha, "ʔoo" nwekwara njirimara pụrụ iche nke naanị iji ihe ndị na-eme ndụ eme ihe, tumadi mmadụ, dịka Sprott na-ekwu "o nwere ike itinye ya n'ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ na ihe ndị na-abụghị ndị mmadụ, ma na-enwe nnukwu oge na-adịghị mma na ụfọdụ enweghị mmasị". Mmachibido ọzọ nke onye ọkà okwu a kpọtụrụ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị nkụzi Sprott's Jemez rụtụrụ aka bụ na ha chere na a gaghị eji nnọchiaha ahụ mee ihe mgbe a na-akpọ onye ahụ aha maka oge mbụ, naanị mgbe i kwuchara ya, ị nwere ike iji ya. [2]
Ntughari
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 2006, ndị isi Pueblo nke Jemez hụrụ mgbanwe asụsụ wee guzobe otu mmadụ iri nke ndị ọkà okwu, ndị okenye, na ndị nkuzi ka ha mụọ asụsụ iji wee mepụta atụmatụ maka ntulite asụsụ. Site na ajụjụ ọnụ, ebo ahụ kpebiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọsụ ụzọ bụ 80% n'etiti ndị otu agbụrụ. Mmemme Asụsụ Jemez mepụtara mmemme imikpu nwata na usoro ọmụmụ asụsụ Jemez maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ruo 8th. Ha nabatakwara Jemez Education Retreats. [3]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBell - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Sprott (1992). "Jemez Syntax". ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Sprott, Robert (1992). Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Sprott 1992 n/a" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Jemez Towa Language Program. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved on October 22, 2022.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Bell (1993). "Phonetics of Jemez vowels". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93 (4). DOI:10.1121/1.406479.
- Deutscher (2005). The Unfolding of Language: An Evolutionary Tour of Mankind's Greatest Invention. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
- Hale, Kenneth (1955–1956). "Notes on Jemez Grammar". Manuscript.
- Mithun (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press, 81, 443.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Pueblo nke Jemez, webụsaịtị gọọmentị
- Jemez Pueblos resources
- Pueblo Languages – Encyclopedia of North American India, Paul V. Kroskrity
- Jemez - Ethnologue