Asụsụ Juhaan
| obere ụdị nke | Asụsụ Kung  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Namibia, Botswana |
| ụmụ amaala ka | Ghanzi District, Kavango East Region, Kavango West Region, Otjozondjupa Region, Omaheke Region |
| dialect of | Asụsụ Kung |
| usoro ederede | Latin script |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 4 Educational |
Jul'hoan a makwaara dị ka ndịda ma ọ bụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ǃKung ma ọ bụ ǃXun, bụ ụdị ndịda dị iche iche nke ǃKung dialect continuum, nke San Bushmen na-asụ na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Namibia na Northwest District nke Botswana nke San Bushmen na-akọwapụta onwe ha dị ka Juǀʼhoansi. A na-amata ọtụtụ olumba mpaghara: Epukiro, Tsumǃkwe, Rundu, Omatako na ǂKxʼauǁʼein, ebe Tsumǃkwe bụ onye a kọwara nke ọma na-ewerekarị dị ka onye nnọchiteanya.
Aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-asụgharịkwa aha ahụ Juǀʼhoan (na ọtụtụ: Juǀʼhoansi ) Žuǀʼhõa – ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ Zhuǀʼhõa ma ọ bụ Dzuǀʼhõa, dabere n’ọkpụkpụ. Dabere na nhazi ọkwa, a na-ewere ya dị ka ụdị ndịda ma ọ bụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụyọkọ asụsụ ǃKung (a sụgharịkwara ǃXun ). O nwere ike si otú a na-akpọ ya Southern ǃKung, Southeast ǃXun, wdg Juǀʼhoan dabeere na okwu ju 'ndị mmadụ', nke etinyekwara aka na ụyọkọ asụsụ. (lee asụsụ ǃKung maka ụdị aha ndị ahụ).
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Udaume ọnụ | Udaume imi | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N'ihu | Azu | N'ihu | Azu | |
| Mechie | i | u | ĩ | ũ |
| N'etiti etiti | e | o | ẽ | õ |
| Mepee | a | ã | ||
- Mgbe ụdaume n'ihu /e/ ma ọ bụ /i/ na-esote consonant nwere mgbochi ụdaume azụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịpịnye na uvular articulation), a na-etinye [ə] n'ihu ụdaume n'ihu, edere 'a' n'ọkpụkpụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mi |'ae (onwe m) na-agụ /mi |'əe/.
- Enwere ike ịghọta diphthong /oa/ ka [wa].
Ihe odide nke oge a (1994) nwekwara ih, eh, ah, oh, uh maka ume ume (ụdaume) na ihn, ahn, ohn, uhn maka ụdaume ume ume. Otú ọ dị, Snyman na-ekwusi ike na ndị a bụ mgbanwe ọnọdụ nke ụdaume dị ala, na ọ dịghị mkpa n'ime akwụkwọ edemede (opekata mpe, ọ bụghị ma ọ bụrụ na akara ụda). A na-eji ụda mkpọda dee ụdaume ndị Glottalized n'ọkpụkpụ atọ ahụ.
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Isi mmalite: Dickens (2009).
Juǀ'hoan na-anọpụ iche, ịbụ asụsụ na-egosi efu na nkebiokwu na nkebiokwu aha. Usoro usoro bụ SVO.
Aha na nnọchiaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-achịkọta aha aha n'ime klaasị aha dabere na agụụ na ụdị, ebe klaasị ọ bụla nwere nnochiaha-nhazi. A na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe site na mbịpụta nke -si ma ọ bụ -sín ma ọ bụ na-enweghị mgbanwe, -Ø . Ọtụtụ aha na-enwe ọtụtụ ọnụọgụgụ oge, dị ka jù ( onye, plural jú ).
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha gǂhòà, "nkịta", bụ nke klaasị 2, enwere ike ịkpọ ya na nnọchiaha ha, ebe gǀúí, "oké ọhịa", bụ nke klas 5, nke nwere ká dị ka nnọchiaha ya kwekọrọ.
Klas aha na nnọchiaha aha ha bụ ndị a:
| Klas | Izugbe | Nweere | Deictic | Ọmụmaatụ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ha (sg); sá (abụọ); hì, sì (pl) | mà (sg); hìsì (pl) | ǁʼàhaà (sg); ǁʼàsà (abụọ); ǁʼàsìsà, ǁʼàhìsà (pl) | jù "onye" |
| 2 | ha (sg); hi (pl) | mma (sg); nke (pl) | ǁʼàhaà (sg); ǁʼàhìsà (pl) | nkịta "nkịta" |
| 3 | ha (sg & pl) | mma (sg); masị (pl) | ǁʼàhaà (sg & pl) | Ụdị "meteor" |
| 4 | hì (sg & pl) | hì (sg); nke (pl) | ǁʼàhìà (sg); ǁʼàhìsà (pl) | "meteor" |
| 5 | ká (sg & pl) | gá (sg); gasị (pl) | ǁʼàkáà (sg); ǁʼàkásà (pl) | "Forest" |
Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nnọchiaha onwe onye na ngosipụta bụ:
| Otu | Abụọ | Ọtụtụ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onye mbụ | nanị | mí | ịsa | è, èƃá |
| na-agụnye | mtsa | m, mma | ||
| Onye nke abụọ | a; há (hort.) | ịsa | ì, iǃá | |
| Onye nke atọ | ha (n1-3), hì (n4), ká (n5) | sá (n1) | hì (n1-2), sị (n1) | |
Okwu na akpaokwu nkịtị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ján ǀàm – Good day
- ǂxáí – Good morning
- ǁáú tzà – Good evening
- gǁàán - Good afternoon
- à ján – How are you?
- ǁáú gè – Goodbye
- jù – person
- jú – people
- gǃú, dohmsoan – water
- nǃaisi u – Bon voyage
Ihe atụ ederede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị a bụ ụfọdụ ederede n'asụsụ Juǀʼhoan. [1] [2]
Ihe nkiri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- 1980 - Chi ga-abụ onye ara
- 1980 – Nǃai, Akụkọ nke nwanyị Kung
- 2003 - Njem nke Mmadụ
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Dickens (2005). A Concise Grammar of Juǀʼhoan With a Juǀʼhoan–English Glossary and a Subject Index. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89645-145-3.
- Miller-Ockhuizen (2003). The phonetics and phonology of gutturals: case study from Juǀʼhoansi. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-50640-5.
- Snyman (1983). "Zuǀʼhõasi, a Khoisan Dialect of South West Africa/Namibia", in Dihoff: Current Approaches to African Linguistics, 115–125. DOI:10.1515/9783112420065-007. ISBN 9783112420058.
- Snyman (1997). "A preliminary classification of the ǃXũũ and Zuǀʼhõasi Dialects", in Haacke: Namibian Languages: Reports and Papers, Namibian African Studies. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 21–106. ISBN 978-3-89645-080-7.
- Snyman. An Official Orthography for Žuǀʼhõasi Kokxʼoi.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ (2016) in Pratas: Coordination and Subordination: Form and Meaning—Selected Papers from CSI Lisbon 2014. ISBN 978-1-4438-8950-6.
- ↑ (2017) in Kandybowicz: Africa's Endangered Languages: Documentary and Theoretical Approaches. DOI:10.1093/oso/9780190256340.001.0001. ISBN 9780190256340.