Asụsụ Kâte

Kâte bụ asụsụ Papuan nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 6,000 na-asụ na Finschhafen District nke Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea . Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ngalaba Finisterre–Huon nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Trans–New Guinea (McElhanon 1975, Ross 2005). A nabatara ya maka nkuzi na ọrụ ozi n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ Papuan site n'aka Chọọchị Evangelical Lutheran nke Papua New Guinea na mmalite 1900s ma n'otu oge nwere ihe ruru 80,000 ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ.

Olumba

Aha Kâte pụtara 'oké ọhịa', ihe atụ maka ndị bi n'ime ala dị n'ọnụ ọnụ mmiri nke Huon, ewezuga ndị bi n'akụkụ Osimiri Mape (Flierl na Strauss 1977). A na-akpọ ndị nọ n'ụsọ osimiri na ndịda, nke na-asụkarị Jabêm, Hâwec 'oké osimiri' na ndị nọ n'ebe ugwu, na-asụ Momare na Migabac, ka a na-akpọ Sopâc 'ahịhịa'. Ndị a bụ mpaghara ala karịa aha asụsụ. Glossonyms ụmụ amaala na-ezo aka na nkeji asụsụ nta nke enwere ike ịkpọ olumba. McElhanon (1974: 16) na-akọwapụta olumba ise n'oge a na-akpakọrịta ozi mbụ na 1886, nke ọ bụla akpọrọ aha dịka otu ha si akpọ okwu ma ọ bụ akpaokwu nkịtị.

Wana ('ebee?'), olumba ndịda kacha
Wamorâ ('Gịnị kpatara?')
Mâgobineng ('ha na-ekwu ya') ma ọ bụ Bamotâ (' gịnị kpatara?'), Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ na 1974
Parec, ekpochapụlarị na 1974
Wemo ('gịnị?') ma ọ bụ Wena, anabatara dị ka asụsụ ozi ala ọzọ

Wana na Wemo fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu, mana ha dị iche na Mâgobineng na Wamorâ, ruo n'ókè a ga-ewere na ndị a bụ asụsụ atọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. Parec bụ olumba mgbanwe n'etiti Wemo na Wamorâ. Olumba ndị Kâte kpụrụ agbụ na olumba Mape agbataobi. Wemo na-anọchi anya olumba niile nke yinye (Suter 2014: 19).

fonology

Udaume

Kate na-akọwapụta ụdaume isii. Udaume dị ala â (na-anọchi anya /ɔ/) ^[1] na-ada ka ụdaume nke iwu bekee ma ọ bụ hụ (Pilhofer 1933: 14). Ogologo abụghị ihe pụrụ iche.

	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Elu	i		u
N'etiti	e		o
Dị ala		a	ɔ

A na-anụ /e/ dị ka [ɛ] mgbe tupu ụda /t͡s ɾ ʔ/ yana consonants imi.
/ɔ/ nwekwara ike ịnụ n'ụdị mgbanwe dị ka [ɒ].

Consonants

Nkwụsị glottal, nke edere -c, na-apụta naanị mgbe ụdaume na Pilhofer buru ụzọ kọwaa ya dị ka njirimara ụdaume nke na-amata ọdịiche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bo 'sugarcane' site na boc 'very' na si 'akụ' site na sic 'broth'. Otú ọ dị, McElhanon (1974) na-ekwu na nkwụsị ikpeazụ nke glottal bụ obere ụda ụda na olumba Wemo, mana ọ dabara n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche nke syllable-final consonants n'asụsụ Western Huon ( -p, -t, -k, -m, -n, -ŋ ), bụ ndị na-anọpụ iche (to -c, -ŋ ) n'asụsụ Eastern Huon. Pilhofer (1933) ji ihe l, ma Schneuker (1962) na Flierl and Strauss (1977) ji r dee ya.

The fricatives f na w bụ ma labiodentals, dị ka Pilhofer (1933), ma bilabials, dị ka Flierl na Strauss (1977). Alveopalatal z na ʒ bụ affricates, [ts] na [dz] n'otu n'otu, ma ha na-emepụta ihe dị ka nkwụsị, ma e wezụga na z na-apụta nanị n'etiti ụdaume, ebe ʒ na-apụta morpheme-na mbụ (Flierl na Strauss 1977: xv). Ma Pilhofer (1933: 15) na Flierl na Strauss (1977) na-akọwa labiovelars q na ɋ dị ka agbakọtara na n'otu oge ewepụtara [kp] na [gb], n'otu n'otu. (Mkpụrụedemede ɋ bụ curly q nwere ọdụ mkpịrịkọ nke enweghị ike ịsụgharị ya nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-efu na mkpụrụedemede sistemụ.)

Dị ka aha, nnọchiaha free nwere ike ime na isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe n'ọnọdụ na nkebiokwu, ọ bụ ezie na ogologo ogologo nke otu pronouns ( noni, goki, eki ) nwere ike ime na isiokwu ọnọdụ (Schneuker 1962: 28). Dị ka aha, nnọchiaha free nwekwara ike ime na ntụzịaka affixes na case-marking postposition, dị ka na no-raonec 'site na m'. go-raopec 'kwuru gi', nâhe-hec 'na ya na mu', jaŋe tâmiric 'enweghị ha'. Ụdị dị n'ime akara aka na-agwụ na -c bụ "mkpọaha okwu siri ike" na enwere ike ịgbakwunye ya na nnọchiaha oge niile, dịka na go gahac 'gị onwe gị' ma ọ bụ jahe jahac 'ha onwe ha'.

Enwere ike itinye nnọchiaha n'efu na aha iji gosi

nọmba, dị ka n'ime ŋic jaŋe (man 3pl) 'the men' na qaqazu nâŋe (Teacher 1pl) 'we ndi nkuzi';
nkọwa, dị ka na ŋkac e (nwanyị 3sg) 'nwanyị';
onye, dị ka ọ dị na qaqazu-ge ọ dịghị (nkụzi-2sg 1sg) 'm onye nkụzi gị'.

Mkpọaha aha efu nke nwere aha isi na-akakarị njedebe nke nkeji okwu yana mmalite nke ahịrịokwu matriks, dị ka ọ dị:

Nnokwa n'efu
		Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	nanị	no(ni) (na-ahac)	nâhe (nâhâc)	nâŋe (nâŋâc)
Onye mbụ	na-agụnye		nhác	nâŋâc
Onye nke abụọ		go (ki) (gahac)	mọhe (ŋahac)	ŋoŋe (ŋaŋac)
Onye nke atọ		e (ki) (jahac)	jahe (jahac)	jaŋe (jaŋac)

Nkpọaha genitive

Kâte nwere ụdị pronominal abụọ: suffixes nwere na aha, na preposed pronouns free suffixed with -re after final vowels ma ọ bụ -ne mgbe ụdị agwụ na -c (glottal stop) (Pilhofer 1933: 54-57; Schneuker 1962: 27-32). Suffix nke ikpeazụ yiri nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe -ne nke na-atụgharị aha n'ime adjectives, dị ka na opâ 'water' > opâ-ne 'watery', hulili ' egwurugwu' > hulili-ne 'egwurugwu-acha agba', hâmoc 'ọnwụ' > hâmoc-ne 'nwụrụ anwụ', ma ọ bụ fiuc'theft ' 3 fiuc- neft': 49). Ọmụmaatụ nke nnochiaha nke eburu n'uche gụnyere no-re fic 'ụlọ m'; ọ dịghị nahac-ne fic 'ụlọ m nke ukwuu'; e-re hụma 'ọbu akị ya; jaŋe-re wiak 'the their concern/ matter' (Schneuker 1962: 28).

Suffixes nwere
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-nna	-nhec	-nâŋec
Onye nke abụọ	-ge	- ihe	- ihe
Onye nke atọ	-nke/-ne	-jekik	-ozi

Suffixes ihe ozugbo

Mgbakwunye ihe ozugbo ( ebubo ) na-abịa n'etiti ngwaa ị ga na suffixes-akara isiokwu. A na-ejigide ngwa ngwa ngwaa dị mfe-ikpeazụ na -c n'ihu suffixes ebubo, ma e wezụga mgbe onye nke atọ nke otu ihe suffix bụ efu. Compare mamac-zi hone-c-gu-wec 'nna hụrụ m' vs. mamac-zi hone-wec 'nna hụrụ ya/ya'. (Pilhofer 1933: 38-43; Schneuker 1962: 29-30)

Suffixes ebubo
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-(c)nu-	-(c)nâfo-	-(c)nâpo-
Onye nke abụọ	-(c)gu-	-(c) ndu-	-(c) ndu-
Onye nke atọ	--	-(c)jofa-	(c) jopa-

Suffixes ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè

Mgbakwunye ihe na-apụtachaghị ìhè ( dative ) na-abịa n'etiti ngwa ngwa dative na suffixes akara isiokwu (Pilhofer 1933: 40-43; Schneuker 1962: 30),

Suffixes dative
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-enwere -	-n'aka-	-na-
Onye nke abụọ	-aga-	-n'aka-	-anyị-
Onye nke atọ	-akpịrị-	- jact -	-jare-

Ngwaa morphology

Ngwaa ikpeazụ (nọọrọ onwe ya).

Ngwa ngwa nke ọ bụla nwere oke nwere oke ka egosipụtara ike na ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ nke isiokwu ahụ. Enwere ụdị esemokwu ise: ugbu a, nso gara aga, ogologo oge gara aga, nso ọdịnihu, na ọdịnihu dị anya . A na-akara ihe ndị dị ndụ akara maka mmadụ atọ (1st, 2nd, 3rd) na ọnụọgụ atọ (otu, dual, plural), ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji otu suffixes maka ma onye nke abụọ na nke atọ mmadụ abụọ na ọtụtụ. Ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ ka akara naanị dị ka onye nke atọ. Enwere ike ibuga akụkụ ogologo oge site n'ịgbakwụnye -e- n'ihu akara nrịbama ugbu a ma ọ bụ -ju- n'ihu akara nrịbama dị nso gara aga. Enwere ike ịpụta ọnọdụ ihu abụọ nke mbụ site n'iwepụ ikpeazụ -mu site na suffix dị nso n'ọdịnihu (iji nweta nzaghachi ozugbo) ma ọ bụ dochie ihe nrịbama isiokwu dị iche mana yiri nke ahụ (iji nweta nzaghachi karịa ogologo oge). (Pilhofer 1933:26-32)

Oge dị ugbu a (± durative -e-)
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-(e) kopac	-(e) koperec	-(e) nkwapeneŋ
Onye nke abụọ	-(e)komec/-kic	-(e)kopirec	-(e) nkwapieŋ
Onye nke atọ	-(e) kac	-(e)kopirec	-(e) nkwapieŋ

Oge dị nso gara aga (± durative -ju-)
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	(ju) pac	(ju) perec	-(ju)mbeneŋ
Onye nke abụọ	(ju) mec	-(ju)pirec	-(ju) mbie
Onye nke atọ	-(ju)jec	-(ju)pirec	-(ju) mbie

Oge gara aga
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-po	-pec	-mbeŋ
Onye nke abụọ	-eme	-ese foto	-mbiŋ
Onye nke atọ	-wec	-ese foto	-mbiŋ

Ihe dị nso n'ọdịnihu ( > hortative without -mu)
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-pe-mu	-na-mu	-naŋ-mu
Onye nke abụọ	-c-mu	-nic-mu	-nị-mu
Onye nke atọ	-o-mu	-nic-mu	-nị-mu

Ogologo oge dị anya (anaghị adịkarị eji)
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-zo-kopac	-zo-koperec	-nʒo-ŋgopeneŋ
Onye nke abụọ	-zo-komec/-zo-kic	-zo-kopirec	-nʒo-ŋgopieŋ
Onye nke atọ	-zo-kac	-zo-kopirec	-nʒo-ŋgopieŋ

Far Future hortative
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-ze-pac	-ze-perec	-nʒe-peneŋ
Onye nke abụọ	-ze-mec	-ze-pirec	-nʒe-pieŋ
Onye nke atọ	-ze-jec	-ze-pirec	-nʒe-pieŋ

Ngwaa Medial (dabere).

Kâte na-egosiputa ngbanwe-ịtụgharị uche canonical ( SR ) morphology ngwaa. Ejighị ngwaa dabere na nhazi (nkebiokwu-medial) maka ike (ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ), mana naanị maka ma omume ha ọ bụ usoro, otu oge, ma ọ bụ ogologo oge n'ihe metụtara ngwaa na-esote na agbụ nke SR. Ọ bụrụ na isiokwu ahụ bụ otu ( SS ) dị ka nke ngwaa na-esote, a naghị akara onye na nọmba ya. A na-etinye ngwaa maka mmadụ na ọnụọgụ naanị mgbe isiokwu ha gbanwere ( DS ). Enwere ike ịdenye otu ngwaa dabere maka ma Durative na nke otu oge ma ọ bụrụ na agbatịkwu oge ya nke ọma ka ọ dakọba na mmalite nke mmemme ahụ akọwapụtara na nkebi na-esote. (Pilhofer 1933:35-36) Ihe atụ ndị a sitere na Schneuker (1962).

Otu isiokwu ( SS ) suffixes
Usoro ( SEQ )	-râ
N'otu oge ( SIM )	-ahụ
Ogologo oge ( DUR )	-ku

Usoro mgbanwe isiokwu-usoro ( SEQ . DS )
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-pe	-pere	- agba
Onye nke abụọ	-te	-miri	- achịcha
Onye nke atọ	-m	-miri	- achịcha

Mgbanwe isiokwu nke otu oge ( SIM . DS )
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-ha-ndi	-ha-pere	-ha-pene
Onye nke abụọ	-ha (ŋ) -tec	-ha-pire	-ha-pie
Onye nke atọ	-ha-m	-ha-pire	-ha-pie

Mgbanwe isiokwu na-adịte aka ( DUR . DS )
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-ku-pe	-ku-pere	-ku-pene
Onye nke abụọ	-ku-te	-ku-pire	-ku-pie
Onye nke atọ	-ku-m	-ku-pire	-ku-pie

Mgbanwe isiokwu na-adịte aka/otu oge ( DUR . SIM . DS )
	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	-ku-ha-pe	-ku-ha-pere	-ku-ha-pene
Onye nke abụọ	-ku-ha-te	-ku-ha-pire	-ku-ha-pie
Onye nke atọ	-ku-ha-m	-ku-ha-pire	-ku-ha-pie

Mgbakwunye okwu ọnụ ndị ọzọ

Mgbakwunye adverbial

Enwere ike ịtinye obere klaasị nke adverbial na-agbasi mbọ ike tupu suffixes ikpeazụ (Pilhofer 1933: 81-82). Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere -fâre- 'niile, ọnụ'; -jâmbâŋke- 'n'ezie'; -hâmo- 'mma, juputara'; saricke- 'ọ dị mma, nke ọma'; sanaŋke- 'kwụsie ike, na-adịgide adịgide'; (b) ipie- 'n'efu, n'efu'. Ọmụmaatụ ahịrịokwu sitere na Schneuker (1962: 154-158) soro.

Evolution

N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ ntụgharị Kâte (asụsụ Wemo) nke proto-Trans-New Guinea nke Pawley (2012) tụpụtara: ^[2]

proto-Trans-New Guinea	Kâte (Wemo dialect)
*ma- ‘Templeeti:Gcl clitic’	mi
*masi ‘orphan’	mɔsiŋ
*me(l,n)e ‘tongue’	(na)meŋ
*mundun ‘internal organs’	munduŋ ‘egg’
*mV(k,ŋ)V[C] + t(e,i)- ‘vomit’	maŋuzo
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’	bɔriʔ ‘glitter, flash of lightning, etc.’
*amu ‘breast’	ameʔ
*[nd,s]umu[n,t]V ‘hair’	tsiminuŋ ‘stiff coarse hair’
*kumV- ‘die’	hɔmozo
*(n)iman ‘louse’	imeŋ
*na ‘Templeeti:Gcl’	no
*na- ‘eat’	nɔ-
*ni ‘Templeeti:Gcl’	ne(n) ‘Templeeti:Gcl’, ne(t) ‘Templeeti:Gcl’
*kan(a,e)ne ‘left (side)’	(?) kpana
*mundun ‘internal organs’	munduŋ ‘egg’
*mbalaŋ ‘flame’	bɔruŋ
*mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’	butoŋ
*mbeŋga(-masi) ‘orphan’	bekɔ ‘widow and child’
*sambV ‘cloud’	sambɔŋ ‘sky’
*mbena ‘arm’	me
*(mb,p)ututu- ‘to fly’	(?) fururuʔ
*si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’	tofeʔ
*tVk- ‘cut, cut off’	tɔʔ(ne)
*(nd,t)a- ‘take’	lomedial
*mundun ‘internal organs’	munduŋ ‘inner yolk of egg’
*(ŋg,k)atata ‘dry’	(?) kereŋke
*sambV ‘cloud’	sambɔŋ ‘sky’
*masi ‘widow’	masiŋ
*si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’	(?) tofeʔ
*ŋga ‘Templeeti:Gcl’	go
*mbeŋga(-masi) ‘orphan’	bekɔ ‘widow and child’
*kumV- ‘die’	hɔmo
*ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’	(?) kpana
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’	(?) kpit(seʔ)
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’	bɔriʔ ‘glitter, flash of lightning, etc.’

Ntụaka

↑ Hitch (2017). "Vowel spaces and systems". Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics (TWPL) 38.
↑ Pawley (2012). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I): 88–164. ISSN 0023-1959.

Njikọ mpụga

Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Kâte Archived
Ihe ndị dị na Kâte gụnyere na oghere oghere Arthur Capell ( AC1 na AC2 ) nke Paradisec nwere.
Nchịkọta ndị ọzọ nwere ihe Kate na Paradisec

[1] Hitch (2017). "Vowel spaces and systems". Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics (TWPL) 38.

[Pawley-pTNG-2] Pawley (2012). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I): 88–164. ISSN 0023-1959.

[1]

[2]