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Asụsụ Kʼchò

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Kʼchò ( IPA: /ʔkxɔ̀:/ ), ma ọ bụ Mün, bụ asụsụ Kuki-Chin nke Myanmar . Mgbe nyochachara na 2005 na South Chin Steeti, Mang mere atụmatụ na mpaghara K'chò bụ mìndàt Mindat . /, Kanpetlet Township / kanpètlèt / na otu obodo dị na Matupi / màtupi / ma ọ bụ / bàtǔ /.

Aha

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Kʼchò / ʔkxɔ̀: / bụ okwu obodo maka ndị mmadụ na asụsụ. Aha ndị ọzọ gụnyere Cho, K'cho, 'Cho, K'cho Chin, Mindat, Mün/Müün, Ng'men/Ng'meen.

  • A na-eche na Kʼchò nwere njikọ na okwu ala nna ndị ọzọ maka ebo Chin, dị ka Zo, Kkhyou, Laizo, Asho na Hyow (Mang 2006: 4, So-Hartmann 2009:19).
  • A kọrọ na Müün bụ otu a kpọrọ aha otu ugwu dị na mpaghara Hlet Lòng. So-Hartmann na-eji ụdị Ng'Müün (2009: 20, 25), mana ndị K'cho amaghị (Mang 2006: 2).
  • A na-ekwu na Ng'mèèn bụ okwu K'hngì Yung nke na-ezo aka n'ebe ugwu nke mpaghara osimiri ha nke dị ugbu a bụ Myindàt (gụnyere n'ebe ugwu ya). O dochaghị anya ma okwu Ng'mèèn gụnyere Nìtŭ na Hlet Lòng ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị (Mang 2016).
  • Ndị Briten na mbụ nakweere aha Chinbok ( Burmese ), ma nke a ghọrọ aha mkparị e                              ]hapụ                                                       }p’                                                                                                                                                       akparị `` aha` a na - akwanyere ya.

Olumba

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Mgbe nyocha nke sociolinguistics na mpaghara K'cho na-asụ na 2005, Kee Shein Mang, onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ na onye na-asụ asụsụ Kʼchò (otu olumba Hmǒng-kcha) ghọtara olumba ndị a (Mang 2006: 1-4, na Mang na Nolan 2010b: 35).

  • Hmǒng-K'cha, Okwu Mang (2006:4, 2016) nke e kwuru n’agbata osimiri Hmǒng Lòng na K’cha Lòng.
  • Nìtŭ dị n'ebe ugwu n'ebe ahụ, n'akụkụ osimiri Hma Lòng, nke dị na osimiri Myithar.
  • Olumba a na-asụ Hlet Long na mpaghara osimiri Hlet Long, ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara Hmóng-K'cha.
  • A na-asụ K'hngì Yung n'akụkụ akụkụ ndịda nke iyi K'hngì Güng
  • Ng'gah dị na ndịda nke osimiri K'hngì Güng, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na K'hngì Yung.

Asụsụ ndị kacha nwee njikọ chiri anya na Kʼchò bụ Kaang na Daai (So-Hartmann 1988:102).

Ọmụmụ asụsụ

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Nkọwa mbụ nke asụsụ ahụ dị n'ihe odide onye ozi ala ọzọ Katọlik bipụtara na nzuzo:

  • Marc Jordan (1969), Chin Dictionary na Grammar . Ebipụtara nkeonwe.

Ọ dabere na ọtụtụ afọ nke ndụ na ọrụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ma gụnye ihe dị ka okwu 7,000, yana nkọwa ụtọ asụsụ mbụ dabere na ụdị ndị Europe. Olumba a kọwara n'ebe ahụ bụ ihe Mang na-akpọ Hmǒng-k'cha ma nwee ọtụtụ puku ihe okwu na nkọwa ụtọ asụsụ nwere oke.

Nke a bụ ụfọdụ ọrụ na asụsụ kemgbe ahụ:

  • FK Lehman, 1963, dere ọrụ gbasara mmadụ na Chin, nke gụnyere ozi ụfọdụ gbasara ihe yiri olumba Nitŭ.
  • Kee Shein Mang na Stephen Nolan (2010) bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'ụzọ atọ (Bekee-Burmese-Kʼchò) nke karịrị okwu 4,500 nke olumba Hmǒng-k'cha. E mere ya ka e jiri ya na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Kʼchò-English Jordan mee ihe. Ọ na-agụnye usoro ọmụmụ ihe gụnyere, ụda na ihe niile, yana stem II (na III) nke ngwaa achọpụtara ruo taa.
  • Kee Shein Mang (2006) dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Masters na-akọwa ngbanwe a na-ahụ n'asụsụ Hmǒng-k'cha nke K'chò.
  • Ng'Thang Ngai Om. (2000) dere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke usoro mkpoputa Kʼchò.

Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke George Bedell dere (nkọwa ụtọ asụsụ, nyocha, ọrụ ntụnyere) na ụfọdụ nke Stephen Nolan (akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, nkọwa usoro ụda). Lee n'okpuru maka nkọwa.

Ntụgharị asụsụ

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Akwụkwọ Nsọ dị n'ọtụtụ nsụgharị: Sayar Ng'Thang Ngai Om sụgharịrị Agba Ọhụrụ n'asụsụ Nìtŭ (bipụta na ngwa Akwụkwọ Nsọ)

  • Òtù Bible nke Myanmar. 1999. Caciim K'thai. Cho (Chin) Agba Ọhụrụ. Bible Society of Myanmar (Ng'Thang Ngai Om sụgharịrị).

Sayar John Ng'Ling Ghùng sụgharịrị ndị Katọlik K'cho Old na New Testament ma dị n'asụsụ Hmong-K'cha.

  • Ghùng, John Ng'ling. Ntụgharị Asụsụ Ochie. Ihe odide. Ebipụtara nkeonwe. Mindat.
  • K'khaanpùghĭ àh K'chü K'thài (Okwu Chineke). Nsụgharị Agba Ọhụrụ nke Katọlik 2002.

Ntụaka

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prefixes na-arụpụta ihe na Sre bụ ihe na-akpata tơn- [tən-], na-atụgharị ngwaa intransitive ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa na-akpata. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaa agbagoro agbagoro nwere mbido imi, yabụ etinyere iwu ịzere ụyọkọ imi.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ

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Ọrụ ka ukwuu

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  • Jordan, Marc. 1969 Ọkọwa okwu Chin na Grammar. Ebipụtara nkeonwe.
  • Lehman, FK 1963. Ọdịdị nke Chin Society. Ndị ebo Bọma kwekọrịtara na mmepeanya na-abụghị nke ọdịda anyanwụ. Mahadum nke Illinois Press.
    • Ng'Thang Ngai Om. 2000. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke K'chò Spelling. Ebipụtara nkeonwe.
  • Mang, Shein Mang. 2006. Nkọwa syntactic na nke bara uru nke mgbanwe ngwaa stem na K'cho, asụsụ Chin Archived . Tesis nke Master, Mahadum Payap.
  • Mang, Kee Shein na Stephen Nolan. 2010. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bekee/Myanma/K'cho. Zinyatana ndị mbipụta. Yangon.

Nyocha asụsụ zuru ezu

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  • Bedell, George. 2002a. Agreement in Kʼchò. Presented to the 33rd ICSTLL. Bangkok: Ramkhamhaeng University.
  • Bedell, George. 2002b. Scope in Kʼchò Questions. Presented to the 35th ICSTLL. Tempe: Arizona.
  • Bedell, George. 2001. Switch Reference in Kʼchò. Presented to the workshop on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics. UC Santa Barbara. University.
  • Bedell, George and Kee Shein Mang. 2009, Benefactives in K’cho. North East Indian Linguistics. Volume 2. Eds Stephen Morey, Mark Post. Pp 241-256*Bedell, George and Kee Shein Mang. 2001. Oct. "Interclausal Ergativity" in Kʼchò. Unpublished notes stimulated by Peterson and Van Bik presented to the UC Santa Barbara Tibeto-Burman Workshop in July, 2001.
  • Mang, Kee Shein and George Bedell, 2012. The Applicative Suffix –na in Kʼchò. Language in India. Volume 12:1 January pp 51 - 69
  • Mang, Kee Shein and George Bedell. 2008. Relative Clauses in Kʼchò. Paul Sidwell & Uri Tamor, eds. SEALSXVI: papers from the 16th meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Canberra, Pacific Linguistics, 2008, pp 21-34
  • Mang, Kee Shein and Stephen Nolan. 2010. Kʼchò Educational Poster (Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, Insects, Worms) (Yangon). Private Publication.
  • Nolan, Stephen 2021. Tone and Pitch Lowering Behaviour in K'cho. A paper presented at the Australian Linguistics Society. La Trobe University.
  • Nolan, Stephen. 2006. High/Low Dissimilation in Kʼchò. Delivered to students at Payap University, Chiangmai, Thailand. Unpublished paper.
  • Nolan, Stephen. 2003 Verbal Alternation in Kʼchò: A Phonological Outline of Verb Stems. Presented at the 36th International Conference of Sino-Tibetan Language and Linguistics. La Trobe University. Australia
  • Nolan, Stephen. 2002. Spelling and the Alphabet in Kʼchò. Asian Cultural Studies Volume 28:127-138. Tokyo. Japan
  • Nolan, Stephen 2000. An Initial Description of Tone in ‘Cho. Proceedings of the 33rdInternational Conference of Sino-Tibetan Language and Linguistics, Ramkhamhaeng University, Thailand, pp. 69-77.
  • Nolan, Stephen and Kee Shein Mang 2003a.12 Kʼchò Verb List with Stem 1 and II Derivations. Unpublished List
  • Nolan, Stephen and Kee Shein Mang 2003b. Tonal diacritics, vowel length, stem II verbal forms and extended definitions added to 199 pages of the 1969 Jordan, Marc M.E.C. Chin Dictionary and Grammar, Mindat, Chin State, Myanmar. Unpublished copy.
  • So-Hartmann, Helga 2009. A Descriptive Grammar of Daai Chin. STEDT Monograph 7. University of California, Berkeley.
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