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Asụsụ Kam-Sui

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Asụsụ Kam-Sui ( Chinese ) bụ ngalaba nke asụsụ Kra–Dai nke ndị Kam–Sui na-asụ. A na-asụkarị ha na ọwụwa anyanwụ Guizhou, ọdịda anyanwụ Hunan na ugwu Guangxi na ndịda China . A na-ahụkwa obere akpa ndị na-ekwu okwu Kam-Sui na ugwu Vietnam na Laos . [1]

Nhazi

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Alaka Kam–Sui gụnyere ihe dị ka asụsụ iri na abụọ. Solnit (1988) [2] na-ewere asụsụ Lakkia na Biao dị ka ngalaba nwanne nwanyị nke Kam–Sui, karịa akụkụ nke Kam–Sui n'onwe ya.

Asụsụ Kam-Sui kacha mara amara bụ Dong (Kam), nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị na-asụ Mulam, Maonan, na Sui . Asụsụ Kam–Sui ndị ọzọ gụnyere Ai-Cham, Mak, na T`en, na Chadong, nke bụ asụsụ Kam–Sui a chọtara na nso nso a. Yang (2000) lere Ai-Cham na Mak bụrụ olumba nke otu asụsụ. [3]

Thurgood (1988)

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Graham Thurgood (1988) na-ewepụta nhazi ọkwa oge a maka ngalaba Kam–Sui. Chadong, asụsụ nke onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ China Jinfang Li kọwara na nso nso a, gụnyekwara n'okpuru ebe a. Ya na Maonan nwere njikọ chiri anya. [4] Cao Miao na Naxi Yao, bụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na Southern Dong, agbakwunyerekwa na Shi (2015). [5]

Ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ

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Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile na-asụ asụsụ Kam-Sui sitere na Qiandongnan (Dong) na Qiannan (Sui, Mgbe ahụ, Mak, Ai-Cham) Prefectures nke Guizhou, yana obodo ọkwa ọkwa Hechi (Mulam na Maonan) na Guilin (Chadong) na ugwu Guangxi . Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Kam-Sui akwagalakwa n'ime ime obodo dịka Guangzhou .

Obere ìgwè ndị na-asụ Kam na Sui bikwa na Tuyên Quang Province, Vietnam, n'ime ime obodo Đồng Mộc na Hồng Quang, n'otu n'otu.

Site n'asụsụ

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Nkesa ọnụọgụ mmadụ nke Dong na agbụrụ Kam-Sui ndị ọzọ na China
  • Mulam佬 – Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County罗城仫佬族自治县, Hechi, north Guangxi ; Mpaghara Qiandongnan, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Guizhou
  • Dong侗 – Mpaghara Qiandongnan, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Guizhou
  • Mgbe ahụ佯僙/佯爷 – Pingtang County平塘县, Qiannan Prefecture, south Guizhou
  • Maonan毛南 – Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County环江毛南族自治县, Hechi, Northern Guangxi
  • Chadong茶洞 – Obodo Chadong, Mpaghara Lingui临桂县, Guilin, ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Guangxi
  • Sui水 – Sandu Shui Autonomous County黔南布依族苗族自治州, Qiannan Prefecture, south Guizhou
  • Mak (Mojia) 莫 – Libo County荔波县, Qiannan Prefecture, south Guizhou
  • Ai-Cham锦 – Libo County荔波县, Qiannan Prefecture, south Guizhou

Site na ọnọdụ

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( Edepụtara ya na elekere elekere: ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo ọdịda anyanwụ ruo ndịda )

  • Guizhou
    • Qiandongnan - Dong ; 1,500,000 ọkà okwu
    • Qiannan
      • Mpaghara Sandu - Sui ; 300,000 ọkà okwu
      • Mpaghara Pingtang - Mgbe ahụ ; 15,000 ọkà okwu
      • Ógbè Libo – Mak na Ai-Cham ; 10,000 na 2,700 ọkà okwu
  • Guangxi
    • Hechi
      • Mpaghara Luocheng – Mulam ; 86,000 ọkà okwu
      • Mpaghara Huanjiang - Maonan ; 30,000 ọkà okwu
    • Guilin ( Ógbè Lingui ) - Chadong ; 20,000 ọkà okwu

Site na onu ogugu

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Enwere mkpokọta ihe dịka nde abụọ Kam-Sui na-asụ asụsụ.

Ndị agbụrụ Kam-Sui anọ kachasị ukwuu, Dong, Shui, Mulao, na Maonan, bụ ndị gọọmentị China nabatara nke ọma. Ndị agbụrụ Kam-Sui na-anabataghị (Chadong, Mgbe ahụ, Mak, Ai-Cham) ndị ka nwere ike ịsụ asụsụ nke ha erughị 50,000.

  1. Dong : banyere 1,500,000 ọkà okwu; 1.7 nde na 1995
  2. Sui : 300,000 ọkà okwu
  3. Mulam : 86,000 ndị na-ekwu okwu (ndị agbụrụ: 200,000)
  4. Maonan : 30,000 ndị na-ekwu okwu (ndị agbụrụ: 100,000)
  5. Chadong : 20,000 ọkà okwu
  6. Mgbe ahụ : 15,000 ọkà okwu
  7. Mak : 10,000 ọkà okwu
  8. Ai-Cham : 2,700 ọkà okwu

Asụsụ ndị ọzọ

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Ụdị asụsụ ndị a nwere njikọ chiri anya na, ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke Southern Dong .

  • Mjuniang 谬娘or Cao Miao草苗(ISO 639-3: cov ): 60,000 (1991) na Liping, Tongdao, na Sanjiang; njikọ chiri anya na Dong. [5] [6] A na-ekewa ndị na-ekwu okwu dị ka agbụrụ Miao.
  • Naxi Yao那溪瑶(autonym: mu2 ɲiu1 ) bụ ndị mmadụ 2,500 na-asụ na Naxi Township 那溪瑶族乡, Dongkou County, Hunan Province, China. [5]
  • Diao 调(刁人): 2,000 (1999) na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Guizhou gburugburu Liping na Congjiang; nwere ike ịsụ Chinese ma ọ bụ Dong. [7] A na-ekewa ndị na-ekwu okwu dị ka agbụrụ Dong. Diao ( tjau13 ) bụ otu obere Cao Miao dịka Shi (2015:43). [5]

Ndị mmadụ ndị a nwekwara ike ịsụ asụsụ Kam-Sui. [8]

  • Xialusi 下路司: 3,000 (1999) na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Guizhou; Nkewa dị ka Dong, mana amabeghị njikọ asụsụ ha (ikekwe Kam-Sui). [9] A na-ekewa ndị na-ekwu okwu dị ka agbụrụ Dong.
  • Shui nke Yunnan : 6,800 (1990) na Huangnihe 黃泥河 na Gugan 古敢水族乡, [10] Fuyuan County, Yunnan; 490 (1990) na Dahe na Long'an nke Yiliang County . [11] Na Gugan, e nwere ụyọkọ obodo a maara dị ka "obodo Shui ise" 水五寨, nke gụnyere Buzhang 补掌, [12] Dongla 咚喇, [13] Reshui 热水, [14] [15]大寨 na Duzhang. [16] A ka na-asụ ya na Obodo Xinbao 新堡村, Laochang Township 老厂乡, Fuyuan County, Yunnan. [17] [18] Nakwa na Dacunzi 大村子, Geyi Township 格宜镇, Xuanwei City. [19] [20] Agbanyeghị, ndị a bụ asụsụ Northern Tai niile ( Bouyei ) dịka Hsiu (2013) siri kwuo. [21]

Enwekwara ụfọdụ asụsụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Guizhou, ugwu Guangxi, na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Hunan nke asụsụ Kam–Sui metụtaworo, dị ka Suantang 酸汤 na Tongdao Pinghua, nkuzi Pinghua a na-asụ na Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Hunan . [22] Asụsụ Kam–Sui na Suantang 酸汤 na-akpakọrịtakwa, asụsụ Sinitic nke ihe dị ka 80,000 agbụrụ Miao na-asụ na Baibu 白布 na Baibu 白布, Dihu 地湖, Dabaozi 大堡子, na Sanqiao 三锹 na Tianzhu, na J Huito 2013:35). [23] Suantang yiri New Xiang (新湘语), mana Southwwest Mandarin enweghị nghọta.

Nrụgharị

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Asụsụ Proto-Kam–Sui bụ nna ochie arụgharịrị nke asụsụ Kam–Sui.

Hụkwa

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Ntụaka

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sitere na Qiandongnan (Dong) na Qiannan (Sui, Mgbe ahụ, Mak, Ai-Cham) Prefectures nke Guizhou, yana obodo ọkwa ọkwa Hechi (Mulam na Maonan) na Guilin (Chadong

  1. ↑ Map & Language Descriptions (en). Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved on 2010-12-02.
  2. ↑ Solnit (1988). "The Position of Lakkia Within Kadai", in Edmondson: Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai, Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86 (in en). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington, 219–238. 
  3. ↑ Yang (2000). Mò yǔ yánjiū (in zh). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-81056-427-4. 
  4. ↑ Li (2008). "Chadong, a Newly-Discovered Kam–Sui Language in Northern Guangxi", in Diller: The Tai–Kadai Languages (in en). New York: Routledge, 596–620. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Shi (2015). Xiāng-Qián-Guì biānqū de sān gè zúqún fāngyán dǎo (in zh). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-5161-6494-5. Shi, Lin 石林 (2015). Xiāng-Qián-Guì biānqū de sān gè zúqún fāngyán dǎo 湘黔桂边区的三个族群方言岛 [Three Language Varieties of the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi Border Region] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-5161-6494-5. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Shi2015" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Mjuniang (en). Retrieved on 2021-08-31.
  7. ↑ Diao (en). Retrieved on 2021-08-31.
  8. ↑ China (en). Asia Harvest. Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved on 2013-07-19.
  9. ↑ Xialusi (en). Retrieved on 2021-08-31.
  10. ↑ Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Gǔgǎn Cūnwěihuì (zh). ynszxc.net. Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved on 2018-12-30.
  11. ↑ Shui, Yunnan (en). Retrieved on 2021-08-31.
  12. ↑ Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Bǔzhǎng Cūn (zh). ynszxc.net. Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved on 2018-12-30.
  13. ↑ Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Dōnglǎ Cūn (zh). ynszxc.net. Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved on 2018-12-30.
  14. ↑ Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Dàzhài Cūn (zh). ynszxc.net. Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved on 2018-12-30.
  15. ↑ Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Rèshuǐlǎozhài Cūn (zh). ynszxc.net. Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved on 2018-12-30.
  16. ↑ Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Dōuzhāng Cūn (zh). ynszxc.net. Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved on 2018-12-30.
  17. ↑ Hai (2006). "Yúnnán shuǐzú yǔyán zuìhòu de yúyīn" (in zh). Jīnrì mínzú 2006 (4): 32–33. 
  18. ↑ Fùyuán Xiàn Lǎochǎng Xiāng Xīnbǎo Cūnwěihuì Lèé Cūn (zh). ynszxc.net. Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved on 2018-12-30.
  19. ↑ Xuānwēi Shì Géyí Zhèn Dàpíng Cūnwěihuì Dàcūnzi Cūn (zh). ynszxc.net. Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved on 2018-12-30.
  20. ↑ Qūjìng mínzú yuánliú gàishù (zh). Archived from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved on 2013-03-08.
  21. ↑ Hsiu (2013). ""Shui" Varieties of Western Guizhou and Yunnan". DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1133488. 
  22. ↑ Peng (2010). "Húnán Tōngdào dòngzú "Běndìhuà" de yǔyīn xìtǒng jí qí guīshǔ" (in zh). Yúnmèng xué kān / Journal of Yunmeng 31 (4): 138–141. 
  23. ↑ Chen (2013). Miáo Yáo yǔwén (in zh). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. 
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