Asụsụ Kathlamet

Asụsụ Kathlamet

asụsụ

Obere ụdị nke	Chinookan
Mba/obodo	Njikota Obodo Amerika
Ụmụ amaala ka	Oregon, Washington
Ụdị asụsụ	verb–subject–object

 

 From Wikidata

 

Kathlamet (Cathlamet) bụ asụsụ Chinookan nke ndị Kathlamet na-asụ na gburugburu ókèala US steeti Washington na Oregon . Franz Boas mere ndekọ kachasị ukwuu nke asụsụ ahụ, ma edekwara ụtọ asụsụ n'ime akwụkwọ ntanye nke Dell Hymes . Ọ kwụsịrị na 1930 ma ọ dị ntakịrị ederede fọdụrụ na ya.

Nhazi

A na-asụ Kathlamet na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Oregon n'akụkụ akụkụ ndịda nke oke osimiri Columbia. Ekewala ya dị ka olumba nke Upper Chinook, ma ọ bụ dị ka Lower Chinook, mana enweghị nghọta n'etiti onwe ya na nke ọ bụla.

fonology

Asụsụ Chinookan niile na-egosipụta ihe Mithun (1999) [ 3 ] kọwara dị ka "ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe (y) nke a na-ahụkarị nke [asụsụ obodo na] n'ụsọ oké osimiri Northwest" na "usoro ụda olu dị ukwuu".

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar			Mkpesa-<br id="mwLg"><br><br><br> alveolar	Velar	Uvula	Glottal
			larịị	sibilant	n'akụkụ
imi		m	n
Na-egbu egbu / Mmekọrịta	larịị	p	t	ts	tɬ	t͡ʃ	k	q
	<small id="mwZA">ejective</small>	pʼ	tʼ	tsʼ	tɬʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ	qʼ
Nke na-ese okwu				s	ɬ	ʃ	x	χ	h

Boas (1911b) [ 4 ] na-akọ na a na-akọwa ụyọkọ consonant Kathlamet site na ọnọdụ ha na okwu nke mbụ, medial na nke ikpeazụ yana syllable phonemic mbụ na nke ikpeazụ. N'usoro nke consonant ebe ihe na-aga n'ihu na-apụta dị ka oghere, a na-ewere consonants na-esote oghere ka ọ pụta ìhè ụyọkọ dị iche iche, oghere na ọ dịghị.

Udaume

	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Elu	i iː		u uː
N'etiti	eeː	ə
Dị ala		a aː

Kathlamet enweghị ọtụtụ njirimara ama ama dị n'etiti olumba nke Upper Chinook gụnyere ọtụtụ ojiji nke akara ngosi ụda, ụda nkwusa okwu nke consonants juru ebe niile, yana usoro prefix siri ike. Ọ na-egosipụtakwa nchịkọta dị iche iche nke prefixes mbụ na ụfọdụ morphemes agbakwunyere, dị ka nnọchiaha nọọrọ onwe ya. [ 3 ]

The glides /j, w/ A na-enyocha dị ka allophones nke ụdaume dị elu.

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ

Kathlamet nwere klas okwu anọ bụ isi: nnọchiaha, aha, ngwaa na akụkọ. Okwu nnọchite anya na-abụkarị ndị otu klaasị a na-akpọ aha. Na e nwere subclass abụọ nke nnọchiaha ị ga. Akụkụ nke mbụ nke subclass na-eme na prefixes na-aka mmadụ 1st, 2nd na 3rd. Ụkwụ nke abụọ nke subclass na-eme na-enwe prefixed naanị onye nke atọ. Enwere ike ịtụgharị aha aha maka prefixes nke mbụ, prefixes nwere nwere na mbido mbụ (dị ka ndị nominalizers), nke n'ime ya n'ụdị prefixes nke ihe ngosi prefixes nke ngwaa. Enwere ike ịtụgharị prefixes nwere aha maka mmadụ yana nọmba maka nganiihu okike na ọnụọgụgụ. Ngwaa nwere ike ịnwe prefixes izizi. N'adịghị ka aha na nnọchiaha okwu, ngwaa nwere ike na-egosi ihe karịrị otu omume nke paradigm. Ọnụọgụ nke ihe omume sitere na otu ruo atọ na-abụkarị site n'usoro usoro ikwu, akụkụ nke ụdị pụrụ iche. Enwere ike iji aha aha ya na prefix pronominal dị ka ihe zuru oke. A na-ejikwa ngwaa dị ka aha aha. Aha aha sitere na klaasị, dị ka VN, NP na VNP. Aha nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche; aha dị mfe, nke bụ otu morpheme; na aha mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere usoro pụtara ìhè. Yiri na bekee, enwere ike iji adverbials dị na Kathlamet gosi njikọ ntụzịaka, dị ka "na" "maka" "nso" "kwupụta" "apụ". [ 3 ]

Enwere ike idowe Morphemes na Kathlamet n'otu n'ime ụdị atọ: ị ga, prefixes, ma ọ bụ suffixes. Prefixes nwere ike ịbụ nke ewepụtara ma ọ bụ ụtọ asụsụ, ebe mwepụta na-enyere aka mebe ntọala okwu. prefixes grammatical adịchaghị adịkarị mana enwere mgbanwe karịa n'ụdị ha.

Onye, nọmba, na okike

Aha Kathlamet na-etolite ọtụtụ n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ metụtara prefixes nkewa na ọtụtụ suffixes. Enwere otu anọ nke affixes na Kathlamet.

• Otu: i-, a-, L-
• Ọtụtụ: -ks, max
• Abụọ: s-
• Ọnụọgụ megidere otu na ọtụtụ: t-, L-

A na-agbatị ngalaba okike na aha niile. Kathlamet nwere onye 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th person, dual and plural holder.

Onye mbụ		n-
Onye nke abụọ		m-
Nke atọ onye	nwoke	i-
	nke nwanyi	k-
	neuter	L-
	abuo	st-
	otutu	t-
Onye nke anọ		q-

Ọnọdụ

Aha Kathlmat na-apụta na ma prefixation na sufixiation. Isi okwu aha nwere oke mgbagwoju anya. Opekempe okwu aha: prefix gbakwunyere otu stem. Na usoro kacha nta bụ prefix classificatory gbakwunyere inflection nwere gbakwunyere azuokokoosisi.

Kathlamet nwere ọnọdụ 7 n'ụdị aha.

Nọmba ọnọdụ
Ọnọdụ1	Nkọwa mbido mbụ
Ọnọdụ2	Ntụkọ nhazi ọkwa
Ọnọdụ3	Onye nwe ya
Ọnọdụ4	Isi
Ọnọdụ5	Ntọala suffix 1.
Ọnọdụ6	Ọnụọgụ nke azuokokoosisi
Ọnọdụ7	Suffixes ikpeazụ

Otu ikpe

Okwu nnochite na Kathlamet na-abụ ndị otu klaasị a na-akpọ aha mgbe niile. Enwere subclass abụọ nke nnọchi aha stem. Klas nke mbụ nke ị ga na-apụta na prefixes na-aka mmadụ nke mbụ, nke abụọ na nke atọ. Klas nke abụọ nke ị ga na-apụta na prefixes naanị akara onye nke atọ. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ suffix maka mmadụ naanị na ngalaba mbụ nke subclass. Ọrụ nke isi nke abụọ nke subclass na-egosipụta nke ọma. Ụkwụ maka otu bụ naanị ọnụọgụ na-edoghị dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe, ndị a na-enwekwa prefixes onye nke atọ. Ha na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị. Site na Boas (1901): [ 5 ]

Isi nke subclass otu bụ:
    -aị- onye
  			   m-ai-ka ị (174.11)
              i-ai-ma ya naanị (70.14)
              t-ai-ci ndi (26.1)
   -a.ni.ua mbụ
         	   ma.ni.ua ị mbụ(87.6)

Isi nke subclass abụọ bụ:
  -ax -aXi - onye uXi, ihe ngosi
         	   i-ax-ka he/it (55.9/11.5)
           	   t-aXi ndị ahụ (73.60
              u-uXi na (91.4)

-ixui -ixaui -iqui quantity (nke oge, ihe)
           	   - ọtụtụ (11.01)
               L-axui ukwuu (250.16)

-iXat otu (mmadụ)
               a-ixat otu nwa agbọghọ (20.1)
  -iXt otu (ọ bụghị onye)
         	   a-iXt otu nkata (15.4)
  -kun ọzọ, ọzọ
      		   a-kun nwanyi ozo (162.3)

Arụmụka

A na-eji ntinye aha aha na Kathlamet maka ịchọpụta arụmụka. Ọ naghị ejikọta akpaokwu aha. Otu ihe nwere akpaokwu aha zuru oke ma guzobe ya dị ka isiokwu. Nnochiaha abuo ma ọ bụ otutu ezuola iji rụtụ aka na nsonye njikọ.   Enwere ike iji otu atụmatụ ahụ chọpụta ndị otu nke atọ na arụmụka nke mbụ na nke abụọ. N'ihi na e nwere ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ntụaka aha n'aha zuru ezu iji mata ha. Ọmụmaatụ:  

Oghere, oge, usoro

Kathlamet na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'ụzọ anọ:

1. odinihu: a-
2. dị ugbu a (anaghị agwụ agwụ): efu
3. ozugbo gara aga (aorist): i-
4. na-abụghị ozugbo: na-/qa-

• amckunā'xʟama "you will search for her"[8]
• iō'stsX "he went down river"[9]
• igîxk¡ē'ʟēna "she strings them"[10]
• "it jumped"[11]

Mgbakwunye -tiX metụtara oge na -pa gbasara oghere. Na –tiX mgbe ụdaume, -pa na-eso consonants.

• qā'watîX "several times"[12]
• kō'pa "there"[13]
• pā wē'koa "noon" (lit. there day)[14]

Ntughari

E wedara ndị Chinook dị ala ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ ole na ole lanarịrị n'ihi ọrịa na-efe efe na 1829, butere mfusịa asụsụ ha dị iche iche na mpụ ha dị ka otu agbụrụ. Ndị Upper Chinook adịla ndụ nwa oge, mana n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ha, ọ bụ naanị Wasco-Wishram dị ndụ. N'ezie, Wasco-Wishram bụ naanị ngalaba dị ndụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Chinookan dum. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ekewa ya dị ka olumba dị iche iche, olumba abụọ nke Wasco na Wishram na-aghọta nke ọma ka e were were otu asụsụ dị mkpa. Ha dị iche naanị n'otu fọnịm na okwu okwu ole na ole. [ 15 ]

Na 1990 enwere ndị na-ekwu okwu 69 (ndị otu asụsụ asaa) nke Wasco-Wishram. Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ nke Wasco, Gladys Thompson, nwụrụ na 2012, ma ọ bụghị tupu e nyefee asụsụ ahụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nye Deanie Johnson na Val Switzler, ha abụọ bụ ndị otu Warm Springs Indian ndoputa. Ha abụọ malitere inye ntụziaka na Wasco-Wishram nye ndị otu ebo ndị ọzọ na 2006, mana ọ dịghị Johnson ma Switzler ka a na-ewere na ọ na-aga nke ọma.

Ndị ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ Wishram nke ọma, ka ọ dị ugbu a, biri na ndoputa Yakima na steeti Washington; Ha niile nwụrụ n'oge n'etiti 2000 na 2013.

Eji na mwepu nke olumba Chinookan ndị ọzọ ka edebeghị nke ọma iji chọpụta mgbe e kwuchara ha, mana nchịkọta ederede na ụfọdụ ọgwụgwọ ụtọasụsụ ka dị, ọkachasị maka Shoalwater, Kathlamet na Clackamas.

Ntụaka

Keith Chu (2006-07-30). "Ndị ọkà okwu ọhụrụ na-agbalị ichekwa asụsụ". Akwụkwọ akụkọ (Bend, OR). eweghachiri 2013-02-25.

Kristian Foden-Vencil (2012-07-17). "Ọkà Okwu Ikpeazụ Asụsụ ebo Oregon 'Kiksht' anwụọ. Mgbasa ozi ọhaneze Oregon. eweghachiri 2013-02-26.

"Lewis & Clark - ebo - ndị India Wasco". National Geographic. eweghachiri 2013-02-25.

Ndị otu Confederated nke Warm Springs Reservation nke Oregon. 2009 ( ewepụtara 9 Eprel 2009)

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

• Sapir (January 1926). "A Chinookan Phonetic Law". International Journal of American Linguistics 4 (1): 105Templeeti:Hyphen110. DOI:10.1086/463761. 
• Mulcahy (2014). OHP Staff:Oregon Folklife: Our Living TraditionsTempleeti:HyphenFolklife in Oregon:Central Oregon. Oregon History Project via:Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved on April 6, 2018.
•  

Njikọ mpụga

• "Asụsụ Kathlamet," Native-Languages.org