Asụsụ Kelabit
| Kelabit | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Borneo | |
| Total speakers: | — | |
| Language family: | Tustrunizit Malayo-Polynesian North Bornean North Sarawakan Apo Duat Kelabit | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | kzi
| |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Kelabit bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Borneo, na oke Sarawak - North Kalimantan . Ọ bụ otu n'ime agbụrụ kacha nta na Borneo, ndị Kelabit na-asụ ya.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Udaume Kelabit bụ /ə, a, e, i, o, u/ . Consonants niile mana nkwusi olu a na-achọsi ike na-agbatị ogologo ka emesiri ike /ə/ . Nchegbu na-apụtakarị n'ime mkpụrụokwu penultimate.
Kelabit bụ ihe ama ama maka inwe "usoro ihe odide na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ezi ndị na-achọsi olu ike " (ya bụ, ọ bụghị olu ume ume / ntamu consonants; maka ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, a na-ebuli ya elu) yana ụda olu na ụda olu ma na-enweghị usoro nke ndị na-achọsi olu ike na-enweghị olu . Ọ bụ naanị asụsụ a maara na-ekwupụtala ndị na-achọsi ike ma ọ bụ na-atamu ntamu na-enwekwaghị consonants na-enweghị olu, ọnọdụ nke emegharịrị maka Proto-Indo-European . [1]
| Bilabial | eze | Alveolar | Postalveolar / Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ihu imi | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Kwụsị | tenuis | p | t̪ | k | ʔ | ||
| modally voiced | b | d͇ | ( dʒ ) | ɡ | |||
| aspirated voiced / buru ụzọ | b͡pʰ ~ b͡p | d͇͡t͇ʃʰ ~ d͇͡t͇ | ɡ͡kʰ ~ ɡ͡k | ||||
| Nke na-ese okwu | s | h | |||||
| Sonorant | l, ɾ͇ | j | w | ||||
N'ikpeazụ nke otu okwu, /t/ a na-akpọ [θ] . Maka ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, /d͇͡t͇ʰ/ a na-agbaji; na agbataobi Lun Dayeh, ntụgharị uche nke consonant a bụ njikọ na-enweghị isi [d͡tʃ] . /dʒ/ dị ụkọ, ma esiteghị n'olumba niile akwado ya.
Ihe mkpuchi ahụ bụ alveolar. O dochaghị anya ma /n/ na ndị ọzọ coronal sonorants bụ alveolar dị ka /d/ ma ọ bụ eze dị ka /t/ .
Usoro olu a na-achọsi ike na-apụta naanị n'otu ntabi anya, ma nwee ike sitere na consonants geminate pụta. Ha dịkarịa ala impressionistically ugboro abụọ ka ogologo oge ndị ọzọ na-akwụsị. Ha dị iche na /b d͇ ɡ/ n'okpuru suffixation, ya na /b͡pʰ d͇͡t͇ʰ ɡ͡kʰ/ na-eme ebe consonants ndị ọzọ a ga-ewepụta n'ụzọ nkịtị:
- /təb͡pʰəŋ/ [ˈtəb͡pʰəŋ] 'to fell' > /təbəŋ-ən/ [təˈbəŋːən] 'fell it!'
- /kətəd/ [ˈkətːəd] 'back (n)' > /kətəd͇͡t͇ʰ-ən/ [kəˈtəd͇͡t͇ʰən] 'to be left behind'
Enwere ọtụtụ arụmụka maka nyochaa consonants ndị a na-achọsi ike dị ka akụkụ karịa dị ka ụyọkọ nkwenye:
- Enweghị ụyọkọ (ndị ọzọ) ekwenyere n'asụsụ a. Asụsụ ụfọdụ na-enye ohere naanị mpụta consonants dị ka ụyọkọ, mana enweghị (ndị ọzọ) ụda ekwentị na Kelabit. N'asụsụ ụfọdụ emetụtara, dị ka Ida'an, ntulegharị nke ụda ndị a na-eme nke ọma dị ka ụyọkọ.
- Nkwụsị nke mkpụrụokwu na-apụta n'ihu consonants (ya bụ, [a.bpa], ma ọ bụghị n'etiti ( [ab.pa] ), nke bụ omume nke ụyọkọ consonant (gụnyere geminates) n'asụsụ ndị metụtara ya na-enye ha ohere. /i, u/ gbadaa ruo [ɪ, ʊ] n'ihu consonant ọ bụla na-abụghị glottal. Ha anaghị agbada n'ihu consonants ndị a na-achọsi ike, na-atụ aro na ha abụghị ụyọkọ nkwenye.
Usoro a na-achọsi ike apụtaghị na olumba niile nke Kelabit ma ọ bụ Lun Dayeh:
| b͡p⁽ʰ⁾ | d͡t⁽ʰ⁾ | ɡ͡k⁽ʰ⁾ | Bario, Pa'Omor, Long Lellang, Lun Dayeh: Long Semado |
| p | t | k | Papa Mada |
| p | tʃ | k | Long Terawan Tring |
| p | s | k | Batu Patung, Pa'Dalih, Sa'ban |
| f | tʃ | k | Lun Dayeh: Long Pala |
| f | s | k | Ogologo Napir, Ogologo Seridan |
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]otu obere asụsụ Aslian . Ndị Semelai na-ebikarị na Bera, Serting na sistemudịkarịa ala impressionistically ugboro abụọ ka ogologo oge ndị ọzọ na-akwụsị. Ha dị iche na /b d͇ ɡ/ n'okpuru osimiri
- ↑ Blust (1974). "A Double Counter‐Universal in Kelabit". Paper in Linguistics 7 (3-4): 309–324. DOI:10.1080/08351817409370376.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Blust (2006). "The Origin of the Kelabit Voiced Aspirates: A Historical Hypothesis Revisited". Oceanic Linguistics 45 (2): 311–338. DOI:10.1353/ol.2007.0001. Blust, Robert A. (2006). "The Origin of the Kelabit Voiced Aspirates: A Historical Hypothesis Revisited". Oceanic Linguistics. 45 (2): 311–338. doi:10.1353/ol.2007.0001. JSTOR 4499967. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Blust 2006" defined multiple times with different content
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Asmah Haji Omar (1983). Ndị Malay nke Malaysia na asụsụ ha . Kuala Lumpur: Ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ nka.
- Blast, Robert (1974). Echiche ihichapụ ụdaume Proto-North Sarawak. Dissertation PhD, Mahadum Hawai'i na Manoa.
- Blast, Robert (1993). Okwu 'Kelabit-Bekee'. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sarawak Museum 44 (65): 141-226.
- Robert, Robert (2006). 'Mmalite nke Kelabit Voiced Aspirates: A na-elegharị anya Hypothesis akụkọ ihe mere eme'. Asụsụ Oceanic 45 (2): 311-338.
- Robert, Robert (2016). Kelabit-Lun Dayeh Phonology, nwere ntụaka pụrụ iche nye ndị na-achọ olu olu. Asụsụ Oceanic 55 (1): 246-277.
- Bolang, Alexander & Tom Harrisson (1949). 'Murut na okwu ndị metụtara ya nwere ntụaka pụrụ iche na okwu North Borneo'. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Sarawak 5: 116-124
- Douglas, RS (1911). 'Otu okwu ntule nke olumba Kayan, Kenya na Kelabit'. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Sarawak 1 (1): 75-119.
- Galih, Balang (1965). Kapah Ayo 'Tana' Inih Pangah Penudut Guma Nepeled. Kedu ka Guma Nepeled si mee ụwa: Akụkọ Kelabit-Murut. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sarawak, Mee 31, 152.
- Hemmings, Charlotte (2015). Olu Kelabit: Ụdị Philippine, Ụdị Indonesian ka ọ bụ ihe dịtụ iche? Azụmahịa nke Philological Society 113(3): 383-405.
- Hemmings, Charlotte (2016). Asụsụ Kelabit, olu Austronesian na ụdị ụdị okwu. Nkà mmụta PhD, Ngalaba Linguistics, SOAS, Mahadum London. [1]
- Martin, Peter W (1996). Nyocha gbasara asụsụ agbụrụ nke Murut (Lun Bawang) nwere ntụaka pụrụ iche na Brunei. Na Peter W. Martin, Conrad Oz̊óg & Gloria Poedjosoedarmo (eds.), Iji Asụsụ na Mgbanwe Asụsụ na Brunei Darussalam, 268-279. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
- Martin, Peter W. & Eileen Yen (1994). Iji asụsụ n'etiti ndị Kelabit bi n'ime ime obodo. N’ime Peter W. Martin (ed.), Ntụgharị Usoro eji asụsụ na Borneo, 147 163. Williamsburg VA: Council Research Council.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke ngwa akwụkwọ asụsụ Kelabit
- Ebe nchekwa Kaipuleohone nke ihe Robert Blust gụnyere ndetu na Kelabit .