Asụsụ Khaling
Khaling (kʰɛ̂l brâː ख्या:ल् ब्रा:) bụ asụsụ Kiranti a na-asụ na mpaghara Solukhumbu, Nepal na Sikkim, Darjeeling, na Kalimpong na India. Ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Kiranti ole na ole nwere ọdịiche ụda olu, nke sitere na nke abụọ. [1]
Khaling nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ 15,000, yabụ a na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ enweghị ike. Khaling nwere usoro mgbagwoju anya nke mgbanwe ntụgharị: ihe dị ka 10 dị iche iche ị ga-etinye maka okwu (Jacques et al. 2012). Khaling bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'inwe ngosi ngosi (lee Jacques and Lahaussois 2014). A na-akpọ Khaling dị ka Rai, Khalinge Rai, Khael Bra, na Khael Baat. [2]
- A na-egosipụta asụsụ Khaling na-ebili-ada site na iji / ः/ mgbe ị na-eji edemede Devanagari.
- /ʌ/ na /oɔ/ enweghị ụda ụdaume ogologo.
- A na-egosipụta ụdaume ogologo site na iji /ऽ/.
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Glotta stop [ ʔ ] bụ otu n'ime consonants nke asụsụ Koyu/Koyee(Koi) nke na-anọchi anya site na iji ⟨ अ् ⟩ .
- Iji dee asụsụ Khaling Devanagari lipi ma ọ bụ Kirat Sirijungga lipi ka eji.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndị Rai
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]ugwu ugwu nke Manipur na Northeast steetibi na ugwu ugwu nke Manipur na Northeas
- ↑ Jacques (2016). "Tonogenesis and tonal alternations in Khaling", in Palancar: Tone and Inflection: New Facts and New Perspectives. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 41–66. ISBN 978-3-11-045275-4.
- ↑ Did you know Khaling is vulnerable?. Endangered Languages. Retrieved on 2016-05-01.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Hale, Austin, editor. 1973. Collected papers on Khaling, Kulung, Darai, Newari, Chitwan Tharu. Nepal Studies in Linguistics, 1. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute for Nepal and Asian Studies. vii, 87 p.
- Jacques (2012). "An Overview of Khaling Verbal Morphology". Language and Linguistics 13 (6): 1095–1170. Templeeti:ProQuest.
- Jacques (22 August 2014). "The auditory demonstrative in Khaling". Studies in Language 38 (2): 393–404. DOI:10.1075/sl.38.2.05jac.
- Jacques (2015). "Derivational verbal morphology in Khaling". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 8 (1): 78–85. DOI:10.1163/2405478X-00801005.
- Jacques (8 July 2016). "Reflexive paradigms in Khaling". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 39 (1): 33–48. DOI:10.1075/ltba.39.1.02jac.
- Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois, Dhan Bahadur Rai & Yadav Kumar. 2015. Khaling-Nepali-English Dictionary, version 1.0. Paris: Projet HimalCo. http://himalco.huma-num.fr/.
- Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1972. Khaling phonemic summary. Tibeto-Burman Phonemic Summaries, 12. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal Studies, Tribhuvan University. 73 p.
- Toba, Ingrid. 1973. "The Khaling verb." Nepal Studies in Linguistics 1: 1-14.
- Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1975. A Khaling-English, English-Khaling glossary. Kathmandu: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies. xiii, 86 p.
- Toba (1977). "Folk Art and Culture Change as Observed in a Khaling Village". Kailash 5 (1): 13–27.
- Toba, Sueyoshi. 1981. Khaling texts. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 97 p.
- Toba, Sueyoshi. 1983. Khaling Texts. YAK 7. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
- Toba, Sueyoshi. 1984. Khaling. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
- Ross (1996). "Review of: The structure of Kiranti languages: comparative grammar and texts, by Karen Ebert | SIL Nepal". Journal of Nepalese Studies 1 (2): 243–246.
- Hansson, G. (1991). The Rai of Eastern Nepal, Ethnic and Linguistic Grouping: Findings of the Linguistic Survey of Nepal. Linguistic Survey of Nepal and Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University.
- Hodson (1913). "Note on the Numeral Systems of the Tibeto-Burman Dialects". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 45 (2): 315–336. DOI:10.1017/S0035869X00044592.
- Matisoff (2003). Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09843-5.
- Michailovsky (1973). "Notes on the Hayu Language". Kailash 1: 135–152.
- van Driem (1990). "The Fall and Rise of the Phoneme /r/ in Eastern Kiranti: Sound Change in Tibeto-Burman". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 53 (1): 83–86. DOI:10.1017/S0041977X00021273.