Asụsụ Khmu
Khmu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA/data' not found. bụ asụsụ ndị Khmu nke mpaghara ugwu Laos . A na-asụkwa ya n'akụkụ Vietnam, Thailand na China . Khmu na-enye aha ya na ngalaba Khmuic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic, nke ikpeazụ gụnyere Khmer na Vietnamese . N'ime Austroasiatic, a na-akpọkarị Khmu dị ka ihe jikọrọ ya na asụsụ Palaungic na Khasic . A pụkwara ịhụ aha ahụ "Khmu" ka ọ bụrụ romanti dị ka kmhmu, Khmu', Kammu, ma ọ bụ Khamuk n'akwụkwọ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ na-ezo aka n'aha olumba obodo.
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Khmu nwere ọtụtụ olumba mana enweghị ọkọlọtọ dị iche iche. Olumba dị iche iche n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ọgbakọ ngwa ngwa, ịdị adị nke ndebanye aha, yana ogo nke asụsụ obodo emetụtala asụsụ ahụ. Olumba bụ, n'ọtụtụ akụkụ, na-aghọta ibe ya; Otú ọ dị nkwurịta okwu nwere ike isi ike n'etiti ndị na-asụ olumba dị anya na mpaghara.
Enwere ike kewaa olumba nke Khmu ka ọ bụrụ otu abụọ, Western Khmu na Eastern Khmu .
- Olumba nke Western Khmu nwere fọnịm consonant ole na ole kama jiri ọdịiche ndekọ aha ụda olu, dị ka a na-ahụ n'asụsụ Austroasiatic ndị ọzọ, nke ndekọ ume ume "lax" na ndekọ modal "ụkwụ". N'ime opekata mpe otu olumba nke Western Khmu, nke a maara dị ka Khmu Rook, tonogenesis pụtara ìhè dị ka ọdịiche ndekọ aha etolitela n'usoro nke ụda ụda olu abụọ nwere nghọta ụda isii.
- Olumba asụsụ Khmu nke ọwụwa anyanwụ na-egosi omume dị iche. N'ịbụ ndị na-enweghị ndekọ aha ma ọ bụ ụda dị iche iche, olumba ndị a na-eji ụzọ atọ dị iche iche nkwụsị (olu, enweghị olu na enweghị ụda olu) na imi (olu, ụda olu, na tupu glottalized) na syllable-ọnọdụ mbụ maka ọdịiche ụda ụda.
Suwilai Premsrirat (2002)
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Suwilai Premsrirat (2002) na-akọ ebe na olumba ndị a nke kmhmu' na Laos, Vietnam, China, na Thailand.
- Laos : a na-asụ na mpaghara 8 nke ugwu Luang Namtha, Udomsai, Bokeo, Sayaburi, Phongsali, Luang Prabang, na Xiaq kvaaq, yana obodo ole na ole dị nso na Vientiane. Olumba gụnyere kmhmu'Rook, Khmu Lw, na Kmhmu' Cwaq (nke a makwaara dị ka kmhmu' Uu ).
- Vietnam : Kim Hua, Sop Pot, Sop Caw na Pung Kamong Village, Kim Da Subdistrict, Tương Dương District, Vinh City, Nghệ An Province . Ọzọkwa na Lai Châu Province, Sơn La Province, na Thanh Hóa Province .
- China : Obodo Pung Soa (nwere mgbanwe dị iche iche na nkwupụta ụda olu na mbido mbụ) na obodo Om Kae (nwere ọdịiche ụda olu) na Sipsongbanna, Yunnan
- Thailand : ọtụtụ obodo, gụnyere ndị nnọchiteanya datapoint nke Huai Ian obodo, Lai Ngao subdistrict, Wiang Kaen district, Chiang Rai n'ógbè (nke sitere na Pak Bang district nke Laos, ebe a na-akpọ asụsụ Khmu Khrong, nke pụtara 'Mekong Khmu'). Ọzọkwa na Nan Province na Lampang Province .
| English | Khmu | Khmer |
|---|---|---|
| dog | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([sɔ́ɂ]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
| child | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([kɔ́ːn]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
| mother | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([màɂ]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
| flower | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([ràːŋ]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
| mountain | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([mòk]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
| to see | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([klèɂ]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
| enemy | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([sa tùː]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
| to disappear | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([ŋát]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
| to shoot | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([píɲ]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
| seven | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([cét]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
| penis | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ([lòk]) | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (Templeeti:Transl) |
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Asụsụ Khmuic
- Ndị Khmu
- Ndepụta aha osisi Khmu
- Ndepụta aha ụmụ anụmanụ Khmu
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]o um. Na sēs qēt o um, nana le o ralēt, na tuwegev. No mö tuwegev kal qēt, nana bun kēlo um. Na sēs qēt o um, nana le o ralēt, na tuwegev. No mö tuwegev kal qēt, nana bun kēl
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Premsirat (1991). "Aspects Inter-Clausal Relations in Khmu", in Davidson: Austroasiatic Languages: Essays in Honour of H.L. Shorto. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 123–140. ISBN 0728601834. Retrieved on 9 June 2014.
- Prēmsīrat, Suwilai. The Thesaurus and Dictionary Series of Khmu Dialects in Southeast Asia. Nakorn Pathom: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University at Salaya, Thailand, 2002. ISBN 9740501125
- Prēmsīrat, Suwilai. Khmu, a Minority Language of Thailand. Papers in South-East Asian linguistics, no. 10. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1987. ISBN 0-85883-365-4
- Proschan, Frank. Kmhmu' Language and Language Policy: At Home and Abroad. s.l: s.n, 1995.
- Proschan, Frank. Poetic Parallelism in Kmhmu Verbal Arts: From Texts to Performances. s.l: s.n, 1988.
- Smalley, William Allen. Outline of Khmu structure. American Oriental series. Essay, v.2. New Haven, Conn: American Oriental Society, 1961.
- Svantesson, Jan-Olof. Kammu Phonology and Morphology. Travaux de l'Institut de linguistique de Lund, 18. Lund: CWK Gleerup, 1983. ISBN 91-40-04870-5
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Ebe nchekwa na ebe ọrụ maka ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66EA-B@view Khmu na RWAAI Digital Archive
- Ebe nchekwa data nke ndekọ ọdịyo na Khmu - ekpere ndị Katọlik bụ isi