Asụsụ Khroskyabs

Khroskyabs ( Chinese , nke a na-akpọbu Lavrung, aha obodo na olumba Wobzi: bósʁæi "asụsụ Tibet" ) bụ asụsụ Gyalrongic nke China. A na-akpọ ya Guanyinqiao na Ethnologue mgbe obodo dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan ebe a na-asụ otu olumba nke asụsụ ahụ, Thugsrje Chenbo ( Wylie ). Akpọrọ ya Lavrung n'akwụkwọ ndị gara aga.

Ndị ọchịchị China na-ekewa ndị na-ekwu okwu dị ka ndị Tibet agbụrụ.

Olumba

Dabere na ihe ọhụrụ phonological na morphological nkekọrịta, Lai (2017 na-achọpụta alaka abụọ bụ isi nke Khroskyabs: Core Khroskyabs dialects na Njorogs (业隆话). A na-ekekwa olumba Core-Khroskyabs ka ọ bụrụ Phosul na Thugschen. Olumba Thugschen gụnyere Siyuewu (斯跃武), Wobzi (俄热), 'Brongrdzong (木尔宗) na Guanyinqiao (观音桥).

• 'Jorogs (Yelong 业隆)
• Olumba olu Khroskyabs
  • Phosul (Puxi 蒲西)
  • Thugschen
    • Siyuewu (斯跃武)
    • Eastern Thugschen
      • Wobzi (Ere 俄热)
      • Thugs-'Brong
        • Brongrzong (Muerzong 木尔宗)
        • Guanyinqiao (观音桥)

Huang (2007:155) matara isi olumba atọ nke Khroskyabs (, na-eji okwu Lavrung Chinese: Lawurong拉坞戎) n'ihe dị ka mmadụ 10,000 gbasasịrị n'akụkụ Osimiri Duke (杜柯河) Ndagwurugwu nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan nke obodo Barkam n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan. Olumba ndị a bụ:

• Guanyinqiao (观音桥) : Ihe karịrị mmadụ 8,800 na-asụ n'ofe mpaghara mpaghara dịtụ oke, ọkachasị na mpaghara Jinchuan (n'ime obodo Guanyinqiao (na Maidigou village 麦地沟村)), nakwa na Muerzong Township 木尔宗乡 nke Barkam County na na Siyuewu Village 斯跃武村, Puxi Township 蒲西乡 nke Rangtang County . Huang (2007) na-eji Maisika Hamlet 麦斯卡寨 dị iche iche dị na Sitao Village 斯滔村, Guanyinqiao Township 观音桥乡 dị ka ihe nnochite anya data, nke enyere ndepụta okwu ogologo na mgbakwunye. Lai (2017) na-ezo aka na olumba a dị ka Thugschen (aha Tibet maka Guanyinqiao 观音桥). A na-enye data na ndekọ dị ukwuu maka ụdị Thugschen anọ nke Guanyinqiao 观音桥乡, Muerzong 木尔宗乡, Ere 俄热乡, na Siyuewu 斯跃武村 na Nagano & Prins.
• Yelong (业隆) : A na-asụ na Yelong Village 业隆村 na Jimu Township 集沐乡, Jinchuan County nakwa na Nianke 年克村 na Dashidang 大石凼村 Villages na Baiwan Township白 湾 乡. Ngụkọta ihe dị ka 1,000 ọkà okwu. Dị ka olumba ọwụwa anyanwụ, olumba Yelong enwetala mmetụta mpaghara site na Situ ( asụsụ rGyalrong ). Huang (2007) na-eji ụdị Zhousai Hamlet 周塞寨 dị na Yelong Village 业隆村 dị ka ihe nnọchite anya data, nke enyere ndepụta okwu ogologo na mgbakwunye. Lai (2017) na-ezo aka na olumba a dị ka Njorogs, ma na-ewere ya dị ka olumba dị iche iche.
• Xiaoyli (小依里) : A na-asụ ya na Puxi 蒲西村 na Xiaoyli 小依里村 Villages na Puxi Township 蒲西乡, Rangtang County site naanị ihe karịrị mmadụ 120. N'ime obodo Xiaoyili, ngụkọta nke ezinụlọ 15 na Luoxi Hamlet 罗西寨 ( aha Khroskyabs: lo33 ʃi33 ) na - asụ ya, Luosituo Hamlet八十八寨 ( aha Khroskyabs: bə55 jəm33 ) (Huang 2007:2). N'ime Puxi Village ( aha Khroskyabs: pʰu33 se55 ), na-asụ ya site na ngụkọta nke ezinụlọ 8 na Se'erya Hamlet 色尔亚寨 (Khroskyabs aha: fsər33 jɐ55 ). Dị ka olumba ọdịda anyanwụ, olumba Xiaoyili enweela mmetụta mpaghara site na Northern Horpa . Huang (2007) na-eji ụdị Luoxi Hamlet 罗西寨 dị ka ihe nnọchite anya data. Lai (2017) na-ezo aka na olumba a dị ka Phosul .

N'ime akụkụ ndị na-esonụ, e gosipụtara ụfọdụ njirimara nke affixes.

Ndakọrịta

Prefix superlative sə̂ _b - dabara na ngwaa stive na nani ngwaa dị ike dị ole na ole: sə̂ _b -tsʰa ( SUPERL -be.good ₁ ) 'kachasị mma', mana * sə̂ _b -və ( SUPERL -go ₁ ).

Negative nwere allomorphs anọ. mə- a na-eji mgbe ọ dịghị nganiihu ọzọ buru ụzọ: mə-tsʰâ ( NEG ₁ -be.good) (ọ dịghị mma); mæ- a na-eji mgbe prefix orientation na-ebute ụzọ: næ-mæ-tsʰâ ( IPFV.PST - NEG ₂ -be.good ₁ ); mɑ- a na-eji n'ụdị ngwaa nke na-amachibido iji prefixes orientation na ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ: mɑ-vdé ( NEG ₃ -see ₂ ) '(s) ọ hụghị' ( vdê 'to see' adịghị ekwe ka ọ bụla prefix orientation n'ụdị gara aga); tə- a na-eji ọnọdụ irrealis, mkpa, ikpe ziri ezi na ọnọdụ ya na ɑ̂- (ọ bụghị zə̂- ): æ-tə-dzî-n ( IMP - NEG ₄ -eri ₁ -2) 'Unu erila! '; ɑ̂-tə-dzi ( JUSS - NEG ₄ -eat ₁ ) 'Ka ya/ya ghara iri. '

prefixes ajụjụ ə̂- na ɕə- enweghị ike ibikọ ọnụ.

Prefix irrealis ɑ̂- na ntụzịaka ọnọdụ zə̂- enweghị ike ịdịkọ ọnụ.

Prefix prefix na-akpata s- na Wobzi Khroskyabs na-enweta usoro morphophonological dị iche iche, gụnyere mkpọtụ ụda olu, dissimilation mpụta, mmekọ, metathesis na mpụta .

• Voicing assimilation: s- becomes voiced z- before voiced stops and stays voiceless before voiceless consonants and sonorants.
  • s- + kʰɑ̂ 'to give' → s-kʰɑ̂ 'to cause to give'
  • s- + gí 'to wear' → z-gí 'to cause to wear'
  • s- + mó 'to be hungry' → s-mó 'to cause to be hungry'
• Lateral dissimilation: s- becomes l- or ɬ- (depending on the voicing of the following consonant) when it precedes dental fricatives and affricates.
  • s- + sɑ̂ 'to kill' → ɬ-sɑ̂ 'to cause to kill'
  • s- + dzî 'to eat' → l-dzî 'to cause to eat'
• Affrication: Affrication is not productive in Wobzi Khroskyabs. Its trace can be found in the causativisation of the verb rʑə̂ 'to wash', l-dʑə̂ 'to cause to watch', in which the fricative ʑ- becomes an affricate, dʑ-.
• Metathesis: There are two types of metatheses in Wobzi Khroskyabs, prefix ordering metathesis and vCVr metathesis.
  • The prefix ordering metathesis follows the sonority hierarchy of the preinitials. If the prefix s- is to be added to a verb stem already containing preinitials that ranks higher in the sonority hierarchy, it must be metathesised.
    • s- + ʁbɑ́ɣ 'to explode' → ʁ⟨z⟩bɑ́ɣ 'to cause to explode'
    • s- + jbə̂v 'to be swollen' → j⟨z⟩bə̂v 'to cause to be swollen'
  • The preinitials l- and r-, N- and m- drop when the causative prefix s- is added, while the case is optional for the preinitials j- and v-.
    • s- + mkʰæ̂ 'to be expert' → m⟨s⟩kʰæ̂ → s-kʰæ̂ 'to cause to be expert'
    • s- + rlǽ 'to peel' → r⟨s⟩lǽ → s-lǽ 'to cause to peel'
    • s- + ɬqʰǽl 'to be dirty' → ɬ⟨s⟩qʰǽl → s-qʰǽl 'to cause to be dirty'
  • vCVr metathesis, as its name suggests, concerns verbs with v- as preinitial and -r as coda.
    • s- + vzɑ́r 'to be spicy' → l-zɑ́v 'to cause to be spicy'
  • vcVr metathesis is a Wobzi-specific process, not found in other Khroskyabs dialects.
  • Some verbs with a falling tone undergo tone change into a high one when causative s- is applied. The process is not productive.
    • s- + tʰê 'to drink' → s-tʰé 'to cause to drink'
    • s- + nɑ̂r 'to burn' → s-nɑ́r 'to cause to burn'
    • s- + brê 'to be loud'→ z-bré 'to play (instrument)'
  • The causative form of the verb çtə̂ 'to be short' is s-tə́m 'to shorten', with an additional -m coda, which may be the reflex of an old stem alternation.

• N- 'denominal prefix' + tsʰə̂r 'to milk' + lú 'mmiri ara' → ntsʰərlú 'to be mma na lactating (ehi)''

Ngosipụta arụmụka

Olumba Khroskyabs na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na ngwaa na-enweghị isi na-enweghị mgbagha. Ngosipụta arụmụka na-enye ụkpụrụ abụọ, ụkpụrụ intransitive na usoro ntụgharị.

A na-egosipụta ihe atụ ntụgharị na Wobzi Khroskyabs na tebụl dị n'okpuru. Enwere suffixes atọ, onye mbụ otu -ŋ, onye mbụ na-abụghị otu (ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ) -j, na onye nke abụọ -n . Onye nke atọ enweghị akara. Arụmụka isiokwu ahụ kwekọrọ na ngwaa.

Onye	Suffix
1sg	Σ-(ɑ)ŋ
1pl	Σ-j
2	Σ-n

   Usoro ntụgharị na-egosipụta nhazi nhazi ọkwa . Khroskyabs nwere usoro ọmịiko 1>2>3. N'ihe gbasara suffixes, n'ime SAP (ndị na-eso okwu na-eme ihe, na-abụkarị ndị mbụ na nke abụọ) arụmụka, ngwaa na-egosi P (arụmụka ndidi), ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ na-egosi arụmụka SAP, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị. prefix u- na-apụta mgbe P dị elu karịa A, yana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi 3→3 niile nwere prefix TAM na ngwaa. N'ọnọdụ niile na-agbanwe agbanwe na 3→3, akara nhụsianya = ɣə ga-emerịrị na A. The transitive paradigm in Wobzi Khroskyabs ka egosiri na tebụl dị n'okpuru.

		P
		1sg	1pl	2	3
A	1sg			Σ-n	Σ-(ɑ)ŋ
	1pl			Σ-n	Σ-j
	2	u-Σ-(ɑ)ŋ	u-Σ-j		Σ-n
	3			u-Σ-n	(u)-Σ

       Na 3 → 3 ndapụta, ọ bụrụ na enwere prefix TAM, akara ntụgharị ga-emerịrị, ma ọ bụghị n'elu.    Ntụnye arụmụka na Wobzi Khroskyabs na-adị mfe ma e jiri ya tụnyere olumba Khroskyabs ndị ọzọ. Guanyinqiao, Siyuewu na 'Brongrdzong niile na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu, abụọ na ọtụtụ maka mmadụ mbụ na nke abụọ. E gosipụtara ụkpụrụ ntụgharị nke Siyuewu n'okpuru.

		P
		1sg	1 du	1pl	2sg	2 du	2pl	3
A	1sg				Σ-n	Σ-z	Σ-ɲ	Σ-(æ)ŋ
	1 du							Σ-ɣ
	1pl							Σ-j
	2sg	INV-Σ-(æ)ŋ	INV-Σ-ɣ	INV-Σ-j				Σ-n
	2 du							Σ-z
	2pl							Σ-ɲ
	3				INV-Σ-n	INV-Σ-z	INV-Σ-ɲ	(INV)-Σ

Ọtụtụ ngwaa Khroskyab na-eweta ị ga-abụ abụọ, ngwaa ole na ole na-eweta ị ga atọ, na naanị obere aka nwere naanị otu stem. N'ikwu okwu siri ike, a na-eji Stem 1 eme ihe na-abụghị nke gara aga, Stem 2 n'oge gara aga, yana Stem 3 n'ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị adị. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaa na-egosi naanị isi abụọ (na-enweghị Stem 3), a ga-ekpuchi ọrụ nke Stem 3 site na Stem 1; ma ọ bụrụ na ngwaa na-egosi naanị Stem 1, Stem 1 na-ekpuchi ọrụ nke ma Stem 2 na Stem 3. Ụfọdụ ngwaa nwere ike ịpụta naanị Stem 2.

N'olumba Khroskyabs niile anyị maara, enwere atụmatụ 5 n'ozuzu nke ọzọ: ntụgharị ụda (glottal inversion), mgbanwe rime, mgbanwe aspration na suppletion. Nkọwa na-esote dabere na olumba Wobzi, ma ọ bụrụ na akpọghị ya aha n'ụzọ dị iche.

Mgbanwe ụda bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị n'etiti Stem 1 na Stem 2. Maka ngwaa monosyllabic, a na-ahụ ntụgharị dị mfe n'etiti ụda dị elu na ụda ọdịda dị elu. Ọ bụrụ na ụda mbụ dị elu, a ga-ekenye Stem 2 ụda ọdịda ma ọ bụrụ na ụda mbụ na-ada, a ga-ekenye Stem 1 ụda dị elu.

• gí 'itinye (Stem 1)' → gî 'itinye na (Stem 2)'
• kʰɑ̂ 'enye (Stem 1)' → kʰɑ́ 'nye (Stem 2)'

Banyere ngwaa polysyllabic, enwere ọnọdụ abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na syllable ikpeazụ nwere ụda dị elu, ọ ga-agbanwe gaa na ụda dara ada na Stem 2, ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-ekenye ụda dị elu na syllable ikpeazụ na Stem 2.

• ɴqʰɑrŋɑ́ 'ka epu (Stem 1)' → ɴqʰɑrŋɑ̂ 'ka epu (Stem 2)'
• tɕə̂rə 'to tear (Stem 1)' → tɕərə́ 'to tear (Stem 2)'
• ndʐəvɑ̂ 'to eje (Stem 1)' → ndʐəvɑ́ 'to eje (Stem 2)'

A na-egosipụtakwa ngbanwe Rime n'ọtụtụ ebe. A na-ejikọta mgbanwe Rime na mgbanwe ụda.

N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọ bụ naanị ụdaume ka a na-agbanwe na Stem 2.

• lǍ 'ịtọhapụ (Stem 1)' → lî 'ịhapụ (Stem 2)'
• mɑ́ɣ 'not to be (Stem 1)' → mə̂ɣ 'not to be (Stem 2)'

N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, a na-agbanwe rime dị na Stem 2 ka ọ bụrụ -əɣ n'agbanyeghị rime mbụ.

• fsǽ 'to be full (Stem 1)' → fsə̂ɣ 'to be full (Stem 2)'
• ndzræ̂v 'to suck (Stem 1)' → ndzrə́ɣ 'to suck (Stem 2)'

Ụfọdụ ụdị Stem 2 na-eweta mkpụrụokwu mepere emepe, ebe ụdị Stem 1 ha kwekọrọ bụ nkeji okwu mechiri emechi.

• vʑǽr 'ịcha (Stem 1)' → vʑî 'ịcha (Stem 2)''

Mgbanwe ọchịchọ dị ụkọ. A na-agba akaebe na (rə-) tô 'ịbịa (Stem 1)', onye Stem 2 bụ (rə-) tʰó .

A na-achọta mgbakwunye na ngwaa nwere isi atọ. Ngwaa ndị a bụ ngwaa ngagharị ma ọ bụ ngwaa nnyefe. Lee okpokoro n'okpuru.

Isi nke 1	Isi nke 2	Isi nke 3	Gloss
(rə-)və̂	(rə-)ɕə̂	(rə-)ɕǽ	ịga
(rə-) tô	(rə-) tʰód	(rə-)və̂, (rə-)vjî	ibia
(rə-) ǽ	(rə-) zə́m	(rə-)zə̂m	iweta
(rə-)tʰǽ	(rə-) tʰə̂ɣ	(rə-) ǽ	iji were

Ọrụ

Ngwaa ị ga na-ejikọkarị ya na prefixes nghazi iji kwupụta ihe dị iche iche nke ike, akụkụ, ụdị na ihe pụtara ìhè. A na-eji Stem 1 n'ọrụ na ọnọdụ ndị na-abụghị nke gara aga, Stem 2 n'oge gara aga na nke zuru oke yana Stem 3 na ọnọdụ nke irrealis.

Enwere ike iji ngwaa dị na Stem 1 na-enweghị prefix nghazi maka ezigbo eziokwu. Ọ nwekwara ike ijikọ yana prefix rə- orientational n'ọnọdụ mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ nke na-abụghị nke gara aga.    Ngwaa stịtive na-amata ọdịiche dị n'oge gara aga na-ezughị okè na nke zuru oke, ebe ngwaa dị ike na-eweta naanị oge gara aga. Stem 2 chọrọ n'ọnọdụ ndị a. Ihe atụ nke Stem 2 nke ngwaa stative ndæ̂ 'ịmama' ka e gosiri n'okpuru.    Ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe anaghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ezughị okè na nke zuru oke, ya mere, ihe ha pụtara na Stem 2 dabere na ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu.  

Denominalisation

Denominalisation bụ tumadi site na prefixation na Khroskyabs. Enwere prefixes ise nke agbanyere na Wobzi Khroskyabs, nke edepụtara na tebụl dị n'okpuru. Prefixes bụ nke nwere oke nrụpụta. Nke kacha arụpụta ihe bụ n- .

Prefix	Transitivity nke ngwaa ewepụtara	Ihe atụ
ʁ-	intransitive	ʁ-vdʑə́ ( denom -friend ) "dị (mmadụ)"
N-	intransitive, transitive	n-vɑ́ɣ ( denom -alcohol) "na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè" (intransitive)
		n-lvɑ́ɣ ( denom -ubu) "buru n'ubu"
m-	intransitive, transitive	m-ná ( denom -sauce) "mikpu"
r-	transitive	r-cʰə̂ ( denom -half) "gbawara"
s-	transitive	ʁ⟨z⟩ɟó (⟨ denom ⟩hole)

Ewezuga prefixation, a na-agbakwa mbọ maka suffixation. Ngwaa Wobzi mkʰə̂-rə "na-ekupụ anwụrụ" gbadoro ụkwụ na aha mkʰə́ "smoke", nke suffixed by -rə . N'ime Siyuewu Khroskyabs nke na-echekwa codas ndị ọzọ nkwụsị, a -d suffix na-agba akaebe na ngwaa ụfọdụ nwere aha: rvî "axe" vs. rvæ̂d "ịgbuo", dzí "nri" vs. dzîd "iri nri", wdg.

A na-ahụ mwepu efu n'etiti ngwaa na aha. Ụdị rmê nwere ike ịbụ aha pụtara "aha", ma ọ bụ ngwaa pụtara "a ga-akpọ aha". A maghị ntụzịaka nke mwepu.

N'ọnọdụ ole na ole, mwepu nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na denominalisation. Aha mbərlə́n "ụgbọelu (ngwaọrụ)" sitere na Tibet འབ Bur.len "plane (tool)", na ụdị ngwaa ewepụtara bụ mbərlə́ "na ụgbọ elu", na ikpeazụ -n dara.

Ntụaka

Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.