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Asụsụ Klallam

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Klallam
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: Makah Reservation (48663161302).pngTempleeti:Infobox Language/pronunciation
Spoken in: United States 
Region: Washington
Language extinction: 2014, with the death of Hazel Sampson[1]
Language family: Salishan
 Coast
  Central
   Straits Salish
    Klallam
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: clm 
klallam.png

Templeeti:Infobox Language/IPA

Klallam, Clallam, Ns'Klallam ma ọ bụ S'klallam ( endonym : Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. ), bụ asụsụ Straits Salishan nke ndị Klallam na-asụ na Becher Bay na Vancouver Island na British Columbia na n'ofe Strait nke Juan de Fuca nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Peninsula Olympic na Washington . [2] Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ nke Klallam dị ka asụsụ mbụ nwụrụ na 2014, mana enwere ìgwè ndị na-asụ Klallam na-eto eto dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ.

Klallam nwere njikọ chiri anya na Northern Straits Salish, Sooke, Leekwungen, Saanich, Lummi, na Samish mana asụsụ ndị ahụ anaghị aghọta ibe ha . Enwere ọtụtụ olumba nke Klallam, gụnyere Elwha Klallam, Becher Bay Klallam, Jamestown S'Klallam na Little Boston S'Klallam. [3]

Mgbalị iji na ume ọhụrụ

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Ebipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Klallam nke mbụ na 2012. Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Port Angeles, na Port Angeles, Washington, na-enye klas Klallam, kụziri dị ka asụsụ ihe nketa "iji zute ngụsị akwụkwọ na ihe ntinye akwụkwọ kọleji." [4] Malite ọdịda 2020, a kuziri asụsụ Klallam na kọleji Peninsula na Port Angeles.

Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ nke Klallam dị ka asụsụ mbụ bụ Hazel Sampson nke Port Angeles, onye nwụrụ na February 4, 2014, mgbe ọ dị afọ 103. Hazel Sampson na nwanne Ed Sampson rụkọrọ ọrụ (d. 1995), Tom Charles (d. 1999), Bea Charles (d. 2009) na Adeline Smith (d. 2013), ndị ọzọ na-asụ asụsụ Klallam, yana onye nkuzi asụsụ Jamie Valadez na onye mmụta asụsụ Timothy Montler sitere na 1992 iji chịkọta K.lal. [5] N'afọ 1999, mbọ a mere ka e wepụta atụmatụ nkuzi na akwụkwọ ntuziaka iji kuziere ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe ndabere asụsụ site na ịkọ akụkọ. [5] Na 2015, e bipụtara ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ Klallam zuru oke maka nkuzi asụsụ nke abụọ na ichekwa asụsụ ahụ. [3]

Awụnyere akara n'okporo ámá Bekee-Klallam na-asụ asụsụ abụọ n'akụkụ ụzọ abụọ na Port Angeles na 2016. [6] Na 2020, Donald Sullivan, onye otu Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, tinye akara n'okporo ámá na Klallam n'akụkụ ndị bekee dị na Little Boston . [7]

fonology

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Udaume

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Klallam nwere ụdaume ụdaume anọ:

N'ihu Central Azu
Mechie i u
N'etiti ( ɛ ) ə
Mepee a
  • /i/ nwere allophones [e, ɛ] mgbe nrụgide tupu / ʔ/, na maka ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu tupu /j/, /jˀ/, /ɴ/, ma ọ bụ /ɴˀ/. N'otu aka ahụ, nrụgide /u/ na-aghọ [o] tupu / ʔ /, na maka ụfọdụ, kwa tupu /j / ma ọ bụ / jˀ / (ma ọ bụghị tupu / w / ma ọ bụ / wˀ / ). A na-egosi nke mbụ n'asụsụ ọdịnala, ma nke ikpeazụ abụghị. [3]
  • Mgbe enweghị nchekasị, /ə/ nwere ike ịkpọ dị ka /ʌ/, ma ọ bụ dị ka /ɪ/, /ʊ/, ma ọ bụ /ɑ/ na gburugburu ụfọdụ: [8]
    • Tupu ʔ ma ọ bụ h, ọ na-aghọ /ɑ/.
    • Gburugburu č na š, ọ na-aghọ /ɪ/.
    • Tupu consonants azụ agbachie, ọ na-aghọ /ʊ/.
  • Enwere ike inwe nrụgide ma ọ bụ enweghị nchekasị. Udaume na-enweghị nrụgide dị mkpụmkpụ ma dị ala karịa ụdaume nrụgide.
    • A na-ehichapụkarị schwas enweghị nchekasị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọkarị nətán ("nne m") dị ka ntán .
    • N'ihe banyere ihichapụ schwa mgbe consonant imi nke na-esochi ụdaume nrụgide ozugbo, a na -enwekarị consonant imi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ čánəs ("ịkwagharị ihe") dị ka čánns, ọbụna n'ikwu okwu nke ọma.

Consonants

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Infixes

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Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji infix akara plurality (agbanyeghị, e nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ isi mara plurality). Infix a na-egosi ọnụọgụgụ mkpokọta, nke pụtara na kama ịkanye otutu aha, ọ na-emepụta otu aha. Nke a infix na-ewe otu n'ime ụdị -əy̓-, -aʔy-, -éy-, ma ọ bụ -éye- dabere n'usoro mgbọrọgwụ na ntinye nrụgide na-aga n'ihu na infix. [3] [8]

Mgbanwegharị

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Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị mmụgharịgharị na Klallam, nke ọ bụla na-agbazinye okwu a pụtara otu ihe. Mgbanwegharị nke consonant abụọ bụ ụzọ isi gosipụta ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dịka 10% nke okwu Kalam. A na-eṅomiri consonants abụọ mbụ ma tinye tupu ebe ha nọ na azuokokoosisi, ma tinye schwa n'etiti ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ləmətú (atụrụ) na-aghọ ləmləmətú (ìgwè atụrụ) site na usoro a. Mgbanwegharị mkpụrụedemede mbụ bụ otu n'ime ụzọ atọ iji mepụta ụdị ngwaa na-aga n'ihu. A na-etinye consonant mbụ nke okwu mgbe ụdaume nke mbụ gasịrị, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-etinye schwa ma emesịa; ọmụmaatụ, qán̓ cn (m na-ezu ohi) na-aghọ qáqən̓ cn (m na-ezu ohi). [3] [8]

Iji mepụta ụdị mbelata, a na-emegharị consonant nke mbụ na mgbakwunye 'suffix' nke -aʔ emesia yana infix nke -ʔ- emesia na okwu ahụ, nke enwere ike dochie ya site na glottalization. Na nke a músmes (ehi) na-aghọ maʔmúʔsməs (obere ehi, nwa ehi). Mbelata ahụ ejedebeghị na ụdị aha. Mgbe ejiri ngwaa mee ihe, ihe ọ pụtara na-ewere njirimara nke "naanị ntakịrị" ma ọ bụ "site na obere ihe." Site na adjective, a na-atụgharị ihe ọ pụtara ruo ntakịrị karịa ụdị mbụ. Ụdị mmụgharị ndị ọzọ dị na nkọwa nke akụkụ "agwa," "inceptive," na "dị irè" pụtara. [3] [8]

Syntax

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Usoro usoro okwu na Klallam bụ VSO, mana ọ bụrụ na isiokwu nke ngwaa pụtara ìhè mgbe ahụ ihe na isiokwu nwere ike ịdị n'usoro ọ bụla. Nke a pụtara na VOS bụ usoro ọzọ na-emekarị. Na mgbakwunye na mgbe ahịrịokwu enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ na isiokwu ahụ yana ọrụ ihe gbanwere, a na-ewere isiokwu a doro anya mgbe ma ndị sonyere bụ mmadụ ma otu nwere nke ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na kʷənáŋəts cə swéʔwəs cə táns, n'ezie 'nyere nwa nwoke aka nne ya' (Nwa nwoke nyeere nne ya aka), nne nwere nwa nwoke ahụ ya mere enweghị ike ịbụ isiokwu. N'okwu a, enwere ike dee ahịrịokwu ahụ ka kʷənáŋəts cə táns cə swéʔwəs, na-atụgharị ihe na isiokwu. Mgbe adjective na-etinye aka na nkebi ahịrịokwu, ọ na-abịa n'ihu aha ọ na-akọwa. [3]

After the first verb, either the main verb or an auxiliary verb, often there are one or more enclitic particles, which can indicated tense and a variety of moods and evidentials.[3]

Usoro ikpe

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N'ahịrịokwu ndị bụ isi, Klallam na-eji ụkpụrụ na-adịghị mma na-eji akara onye nke atọ. Ndị nke mbụ na nke abụọ na nkebi ahịrịokwu, agbanyeghị, yana ndị niile nọ na nkebiokwu dị n'okpuru, na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nhọpụta-ebubo. [3]

Verbs are intransitive unless marked with one of several transitivizing suffixes. The suffix -t on a verb indicates control by the actor. For example, in c̕áʔkʷ cn ʔaʔ cə nətán "I got washed by my mother", the root is unmarked and the subject cn is a patient while the agent is the object of the oblique preposition ʔaʔ, but in c̕áʔkʷt cn cə nəŋənaʔ "I washed my child", the -t transitive suffix marks that the agent subject, cn is in control of the action. In a similar manner, the transitivizer -nəxʷ indicates a lack of control, or a "finally" or "manage to" sense ─ it's out of the subject's control whether they will succeed.[3]

Mgbakwunye -əŋ na ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-emepụta ihe owuwu na-agafe agafe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, c̕áʔkʷtəŋ cn ʔaʔ cə nəŋə́naꞌ "Nwa m sachara m". Enwekwara olu etiti nke suffix -əŋ na azuokokoosisi intransitive na-emepụta ihe owuwu mgbochi na-egosi isiokwu nnọchite anya. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị onye ọrịa akpọtụrụ aha n'etiti olu, a na-eche na onye ọrịa na onye nnọchi anya bụ otu, dịka n'omume a na-emere onwe ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ewerekarị c̕áʔkʷəŋ cn ka ọ pụtara "Asara m onwe m", ma ọ na-enwe mgbagwoju anya, dịka ọ pụkwara ịpụta "Asụrụ m (mgbe niile)" ma ọ bụ "Ahụrụ m onwe m". [3]

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Kaminsky, Jonathan. "Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state", Reuters, 2014-02-06.
  2. ↑ "Linguist keeping language, culture of Pacific Northwest tribes alive", News, University of North Texas, 2002-09-26. Retrieved on 2013-01-12.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Timothy (2015). Klallam grammar. ISBN 9780295994611. OCLC 891427525. Timothy, Montler (2015).
  4. ↑ Arwyn Rice. "First Klallam language dictionary revives ancient Native American tongue", Olympic Peninsula Daily NEWS, 2012-12-13. Retrieved on 2013-01-12.
  5. 1 2 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rice
  6. ↑ "Port Angeles street signs honor Klallam history", Peninsula Daily News, February 14, 2016.
  7. ↑ Pilling. On S'Klallam land, new street signs a reminder that 'our language is important and alive' (en). Kitsap Sun. Retrieved on 2020-03-12.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Timothy. (2012). Klallam dictionary. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295992075. OCLC 779740399. Timothy., Montler (2012). Klallam dictionary. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295992075. OCLC 779740399.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ

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  • Brooks, Pamela. (1997). Aha ebe John P. Harrington Klallam na Chemakum. Usoro nke Mgbakọ Mba Nile na asụsụ Salish na Agbata Obi, 32, 144–188.
  • Fleisher, Mak. (1976). Clallam: Ọmụmụ na Coast Salish ethnolinguistics . (Nka mmụta doctoral, Washington State University).
  • Fleisher, Mak. (1977). Akụkụ nke Clallam phonology na ihe ha pụtara maka nrụzigharị. Usoro nke ọgbakọ mba ụwa na asụsụ Salishan, 12, 132–141.
  • Mithun, Marianne. (1999). Asụsụ ndị obodo North America . Cambridge: Mahadum Mahadum Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk);  .
  • Montler, Timoti . (1996). Asụsụ na olumba dị na Straits Salishan. Usoro nke Mgbakọ Mba Nile na asụsụ Salish na Agbata Obi, 31, 249–256.
  • Montler, Timoti. (1996). Ụfọdụ Klallam paradigms. Usoro nke Mgbakọ Mba Nile na asụsụ Salish na Agbata Obi, 31, 257–264.
  • Montler, Timoti. (1998). Usoro ndị bụ isi na-emetụta ụdaume Kllalam. Usoro nke Mgbakọ Mba Nile na asụsụ Salish na Agbata Obi, 33, 366–373.
  • Montler, Timoti. (1999). Ụdị asụsụ na olumba dị na Straits Salishan. Ọkà mmụta asụsụ ụmụ mmadụ, 41 (4), 462–502.
  • Montler, Timoti. (2005). [Nkwukọrịta nkeonwe].
  • Montler, Timoti. (2012). Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Kllalam . Seattle: Mahadum nke Washington Press.
  • Montler, Timoti. (2015). Kllalam Grammar . Seattle: Mahadum nke Washington Press.
  • Thompson, Laurence; & Thompson, M. Terry. (1969). Metathesis dị ka ngwa ụtọ asụsụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ International nke American Linguistics, 35, 213-219.
  • Thompson, Laurence; & Thompson, M. Terry. (1971). Clallam: Nhụchalụ. Mahadum California Publications na Linguistics, 65, 251–294.
  • Thompson, Laurence; Thompson, M. Terry; & Efrat, Barbara. (1974). Ụfọdụ mmepe ụda olu na Straits Salish. Akwụkwọ akụkọ International nke American Linguistics, 40, 182-196.

Njikọ mpụga

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