Asụsụ Kobon

Kobon (akpọ [xombon], [k͡xombon] ma ọ bụ [kʰombon] ) bụ asụsụ Papua New Guinea . Ọ nwere ebe gburugburu 90-120 ngwaa. ^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Kobon nwere asụsụ pandanus, a na-asụ mgbe a na-ewe ihe ubi karuka . ^[1]

Nkesa ala

A na-asụ Kobon na Madang Province na Western Highlands Province, ugwu ugwu Hagen .

fonology

Udaume

Udaume monophthongal bụ /i e ɨ ə a o u/, diphthongs bụ /ai̯ au̯/ . /i/ na /u/ nwere ike ịbụ [jɪ] na [wʊ~ʍʊ] okwu-mbụ. /ɨ/ ( [ɨ~ɯ] ) e dere ⟨ ü ⟩ na /ə/ ( [ɜ~ɘ~ɪ] ) e dere ⟨ ö ⟩ .

Naanị /i a u/ na diphthongs na-apụta okwu-mmalite, ewezuga urughuru ngụta, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe /a~e~o~ö/. /e o/ ime syllable-na mbụ n'ime mkpụrụokwu. Udaume niile (gụnyere diphthongs) na-eme syllable-medially (na syllables CVC), syllable-n'ikpeazụ na na nsọtụ okwu. Ọtụtụ usoro ụdaume na-eme, gụnyere ụfọdụ nwere otu ụdaume.

Consonants

Kobon na-amata ọdịiche dị n'akụkụ akụkụ alveolar /l/, akụkụ ọnụ palatal /ʎ/, ihe mkpuchi mpụta nke subapical retroflex /𝼈 / ( ɭ̆ ), na trill na-agbawa agbawa /r̝/, ọ bụ ezie na esemokwu na nke ikpeazụ na-agbanwe agbanwe.

Consonants Kobon na allophone
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Pharyngeal
imi		m ⟨ m ⟩	n ⟨ n ⟩	ɲ ⟨ ⟩	ŋ ⟨ ŋ ⟩
Ihe mgbochi	lenis	mb [p~b~mb~mpʰ] ⟨ b ⟩	nd [tʰ~d~nd~ntʰ] ⟨ d ⟩	ndʑ [dʑ~ɲdʑ~ɲtɕ] ⟨ j ⟩	ŋɡ [k~ɡ~ɣ~ŋɡ~ŋkʰ] ⟨ g ⟩
Ihe mgbochi	fortis	f [f~ɸ~β~v~ʋ~p̚] ⟨ p ⟩	s ⟨ s ⟩	tɕ [tɕ~dʑ] ⟨ c ⟩	x [kʰ~kx~x~ɣ] ⟨ k ⟩
N'akụkụ			l [l~ɬ] ⟨ l ⟩	ʎ ⟨ ɫ ⟩
Rhotic			r [ɾ̝̊~ɾ̥~ɾ~r̝̊~r̥~r] ⟨ ⟩	( [ ɭ ~ɽ~ɽ̊] ⟨ ƚ ⟩
Odika		w ⟨ ⟩		j ⟨ y ⟩		ħ [h] ⟨ h ⟩

Enwere ike ịdepụta ihe mgbochi ụda olu mgbe ụdaume gachara, dabere na nkwenye nke bu ụzọ, ma bụrụ okwu enweghị olu-na mbụ. Mmiri mmiri ndị ọzọ karịa /ʎ/ na-achọ ịchụ àjà ikpeazụ . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikpeazụ /d/ bụ [ntʰ] na ikpeazụ /l/ na-eche [ɬ] . ( /w/ na /j/ emela n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ, ebe imi na /ʎ/ jigide ụda olu.) Consonants enweghị olu ọzọ karịa /s/ na /h/ ka a na-ekwupụta n'etiti ụdaume na nhọrọ.

⟨ƚ⟩ is sublaminal retroflex. It has been described as a lateral flap, [𝼈 ].

Consonants niile na-apụta ụda okwu na mbụ, n'agbanyeghị /ŋ/ na-apụta naanị okwu-na mbụ n'otu mkpụrụ okwu mimetic. Consonants niile mana /h j w/ mee syllable- na okwu-ikpeazụ. Ụyọkọ na-eme n'ọtụtụ (C) VC. Okwu CV(C), yana na mbụ n'ime njuaka nke ọtụtụ okwu monosyllabic CCV(C). Ụyọkọ mbụ agbanyere aka bụ /bɽ, xɽ, fr, xl/ .

Ụtọ asụsụ

Kobon bụ isiokwu-ihe-okwu ngwaa . Otu, dual, na plural ka a na-amata ọdịiche dị n'aha nkeonwe na nkọwa okwu ikwu .

Dị ka asụsụ Kalam ndị ọzọ, Kobon bụ onye a ma ama maka inwe ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwaa mechiri emechi —ikekwe ihe na-erughị 120 maka asụsụ ahụ dum. A na-ejikọta ngwaa ndị a n'ụdị ngwaa ndị ọzọ, na nhazi ngwaa serial, na aha n'ime akpaokwu nwere nkọwa kpọmkwem, dịka ^{mmadụ ] [} ekwu "rie nri abalị" karịa "eri nri" na bekee.

Nke a na-eme ka windo na-adọrọ mmasị n'ime semantics . Mmadụ nwere ike ịtụ anya na iji ngwaa nwere oke oke, ihe ha pụtara ga-abụ n'ozuzu dịka enwere, mee, be and go dị na bekee. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ nke a bụ n'ezie ikpe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere naanị otu ngwaa nke nghọta . Ya bụ, otu ngwaa ka a na-eji maka ịhụ, nụ, ụtọ, isi, mmetụta (ma anụ ahụ na nke mmetụta uche), iche echiche, na ịghọta (tụnyere "Ahụrụ m" maka "M ghọtara" na Bekee). A na-eji ngwaa ọzọ eme ụda, ma ọ̀ bụ ikwu okwu, ịbụ abụ, ikpe ekpere, ịkwa ákwá, alaka na-agbaji, okwute na-eti mkpu, ma ọ bụ mmiri na-agba. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ngwaa Kobon akọwapụtara nke ọma. Enwere otu ewepu maka ụda; ọmụmaatụ, e nwere kpọmkwem ngwaa maka ịkpọ ezi. Enwekwara ngwaa atọ nke ịwụsa, dabere ma ihe a na-awụsa ọ siri ike, mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ nri; na e nwere ọbụna ngwaa pụtara iri anọ cassowary .

Ntụaka

Udaume niile (gụnyere diphthongs) na-eme syllable-medially (na syllables CVC), syllable-n'ikpeazụ na na nsọtụ okwu. Ọtụtụ usoro na-ejikọta ngwaa ndị a n'ụdị ngwaa ndị ọzọ, na na a na-anọchi anya(ọwụwa anyanwụ Flores, Adonara, na Solor

↑ Pawley (1992). "Kalam Pandanus Language: An Old New Guinea Experiment in Language Engineering", in Dutton: The Language Game: Papers in Memory of Donald C. Laycock, Pacific Linguistics Series C (in English). Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 313–334. ISBN 0-85883-400-6. OCLC 222981840.

[Pawley-1] Pawley (1992). "Kalam Pandanus Language: An Old New Guinea Experiment in Language Engineering", in Dutton: The Language Game: Papers in Memory of Donald C. Laycock, Pacific Linguistics Series C (in English). Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 313–334. ISBN 0-85883-400-6. OCLC 222981840.

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