Asụsụ Korandje
Korandje (Korandje: kwạṛa n dzyəy ; Arabic ) bụ asụsụ North Songhay [1] nke kacha na mpaghara ugwu nke asụsụ Songhay . Ihe dị ka mmadụ 3,000 na-asụ ya gburugburu oasis Algerian nke Tabelbala ; aha ya pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "asụsụ obodo". Mgbe ị na-ejigide ihe owuwu Songhay, Berber na Arabic na-emetụta ya nke ukwuu; banyere 20% nke 100-okwu Swadesh ndepụta nke isi okwu mejupụtara mbinye okwu si Arabic ma ọ bụ Berber, na nkezi nke lexicon n'ozuzu bụ nke ukwuu elu.
Naanị ihe ọmụmụ nke Korandje e bipụtara na-adabere na data aka mbụ bụ Kagbuo (1908), edemede dị peeji 45 nke onye isi ala France na-ekpuchi isi ụtọ asụsụ na okwu na ihe odide ole na ole; Champault (1969), ọmụmụ gbasara mmadụ nwere ụfọdụ ihe gbasara asụsụ dị mkpa dịka ahịrịokwu na ukwe; Tilmatine (1991, 1996), isiokwu (nke e bipụtara na German, wee rụgharịa ya na French) na-elegharị anya Kagbuo na Champault na-agbakwụnye banyere ibe nke data ọhụrụ nke onye edemede dere; na Souag (2010a, 2010b), onye mbụ na-arụrịta ụka banyere ego mgbazinye Western Berber na lexicon, nke ikpeazụ na-amụ mmetụta nke kọntaktị na Berber na Arabic na ụtọ ụtọ ya.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwebeghị ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ụda okwu zuru oke nke Korandje, nke ejiri obere ụzọ abụọ kwadoro usoro ziri ezi, emebeghị. Dị ka Souag (2010) si kwuo, usoro ụdaume nwere lax ə, ŭ [ ʊ ], ə̄̄ [ ʌ ] na tense a [ a ], i, u, ạ [ ɑ ], ụ [ o ], ebe usoro consonant dị ka ndị a:
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | plain | pha. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||
| Nasal | m | mʷ | n | |||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | t | tˤ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | ||||
| voiced | b | bʷ | d | dˤ | g | gʷ | ||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | ||||||||||
| voiced | d͡z | |||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | fʷ | s | sˤ | (ʃ) | x | xʷ | ħ | h | ||
| voiced | z | zˤ | (ʒ) | ɣ | ɣʷ | ʕ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | lˤ | j | ||||||||
| Trill | r | rˤ | ||||||||||
Ndị ọkà okwu ochie anaghị ejikarị ihe ndị dị na braket eme ihe. A na-agbapụta ọpịpị bibial n'otu okwu okwu nwa.
Atụmatụ mbụ nke Nicolaï (1981), gbadoro ụkwụ na obere ndekọ ndekọ nke Champault wetara, tụrụ aro obere ngwa ekwentị:
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | b | td | k ɡ | kʷ ɡʷ | ||
| Na-akwado | ts dz | |||||
| Ihe ruru | l | j | w | |||
| Fricatives | f | sz | ʃ ʒ | ɣ | h | |
| Ọnụ imi | m | n | ||||
| Trill | r |
n'akụkụ consonants pharyngealized ṭ ḍ ṣ ẓ ṇ ḥ nakwa xq, nke a na-achọta nke ọma na okwu mgbazinye ego, na usoro ụdaume isii: a, i, u, e, o, and ə ( schwa ).
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpọaha okwu bụ: aγəy, I; ni, gi; ana, ọ / ya / ya; yay, anyi; ndzyu, ị (ọtụtụ); ini, ha. Ụdị nke nwere bụ ʕan, m; nne, gi; ihe, ya/ya/ya; yan, anyi; ndzən, gị (pl.); na, ha. Ntụkọ nke nkwekọrịta isiokwu na ngwaa bụ ʕa- I; n-, ị; a -, ọ / ya / ya; ya-, anyi; ndz-, ị (ọtụtụ); i-, ha.
Ngwaa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]The infinitive na otu mkpa dị mkpa bụ ma azuokokoosisi (eg kani "ụra"); otutu mkpa na-ewe prefix wə- ( wə-kkani "ụra! (pl.)"). Kagbuo na-akọwa njikọ dị ka ndị a (nakwa maka xani ):
| Bekee | Preterite | Bekee | Aorist |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arahụrụ m ụra | a xani | Ana m ehi ụra | a (ba) am xani |
| ị raru ura | n (e) xani | ị na-ehi ụra | n ba am xani |
| ọ/ya/ya raura | a xani | ọ na-ehi ụra | aâm xani |
| anyị rahụrụ ụra | ya xani | anyị na-ehi ụra | ya âm xani |
| ị (pl) ura | nd'(a) xani | ị (pl) na-ehi ụra | nd'ba âm xani |
| ha raru ura | ya xan | ha na-ehi ụra | iba am xani |
Dị ka Tilmatine si kwuo, a na-ewepụ ngwaa site na iji 'dị ka ... hé/hi, eg ni `as ba enγa hé > n`esbanγa hé " erila!". "Mba" bụ hoho ma ọ bụ ho : n'd'xani bînu, willa ho? "Ị na-arahụ ụra ụnyaahụ, ka ọ bụ na ị naghị ehi ụra?".
Aha aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe nrịbama otutu kacha arụpụta bụ clitic = yu : Ihe nrịbama a na-abịa na njedebe nke "isi okwu okwu", otu nke nwere aha+onumeral+adjective+gosipụta: Ụfọdụ mbinye ego Berber na-ejigide ụdị nke plural mbụ ha, na-ejikarị sekọmfix (ts) i-... -een , Ọ bụ ezie na morphemes ndị ahụ metụtara doro anya na sitere na Berber, nkọwa nke usoro a dị iche na nke ọ bụla a kwadoro na asụsụ Berber, na ọtụtụ ihe a na-agbatị ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ihe sitere na Songhay, tsạṛə̀w "ngaji" > tsiṛạwən . Ụfọdụ mbinye ego Arab n'otu aka ahụ na-ejigide plural Arabic.
Egosiri ihe nwe ya site na urughuru n, ya na onye nwe ya buru onye nwere:
Ọnụọgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Naanị ọnụọgụ ndị na-abụghị Arab na-eji nkịtị bụ a-ffu "otu", inka "abụọ", na inẓa "atọ". Enwekwara "cryptic" ( argot ) na usoro agụta ụmụaka. Usoro nke ọnụọgụgụ dị na nkebiokwu aha gbagwojuru anya.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Souag (2012-01-11). "The subclassification of Songhay and its historical implications". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 33 (2). DOI:10.1515/jall-2012-0008. ISSN 1613-3811.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ozi na Korandje (n'ụdị PDF; gaa na p. 163)
- Jabal al-Lughat - blọọgụ asụsụ nke Lameen Souag, ọkachamara na Korandje (rịba ama na blọgụ ahụ na-akpọ ya Kwarandjie, Kwarandzie, ma ọ bụ Kwarandzyey)