Asụsụ Kuliak
Asụsụ Kuliak, nke a na-akpọkwa Asụsụ Rub, [1] bụ otu nọmba nke obere obodo ndị dị n'ugwu Karamoja nke ugwu nri Uganda na-asụ.
yang'i na Soo na-anwụ anwụ, na ole na ole ndị agadi na-ekwu okwu. Otú ọ dị, Ik dị ike ma na-eto eto.
Usoro okwu n'asụsụ Kuliak bụ ngwaa mbụ.
Aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-akpọkwe Kuliak Asụsụ Rub site na Ehret (1981), ebe ọ bụ na Ehrot wu ewepu "Rub" ka ọ ere 'onye' na Proto-Kuliak. Ọ na-atụ aro na "Kuliak" nwere ike ịbụ n'ezie okwu mkparị nke ndị agbata obi na-asụ Nilotic na-eji eme ihe iji mebie ndị na-asụrụ Kuliak dị ka "ndị ogbenye," ya mere ọ na-iji Rub mee ihe.[1] Otú ọ dị, Kuliak na-aga n'ihu ịbụ aha a na-ahụ eme ihe, Roger Blench, Terrill Schrock, Sam Beer na ndị ọkachamara na-ede ndị ọzọ na-ama ya, ndị na-ekwu na aha "Kuliak" unit ele ya anya dị ka mkparị ma ọ bụ mkparị site n'aka ndị na-asụ Kuliak ọ sụọ ngọngọ.. [citation needed]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Kuliak enweela ọtụtụ ihe n'oge gara aga. Kuliak Loanwords na lashe Luhya, Gusii, Kalenjin na Sukuma na-egosi na ndị a biri n'ebe Ikupa Kenya na ụgwọ ndị nke Ɔdɔ Mmiri Victoria tupu ndị nna nna nke ndị na-asụ Bantu na Nilotic. A mara ndị kuliak a na-adịghị adị ugbu a dị ka "Southern Rub". Southern Rub biri n'ebe ndịda dị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Eyasi dị ka okwu ndị Kuliak ọmụmụ n'asụsụ Hadza na Sandawe.[1][2]
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ime
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka nhazi nke Heine (1976), Soo na Nyang'i mejupụtara otu obere, Western Kuliak, ebe Ik na-eguzo naanị ya.
N'èzí
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Bender (1989) kewara ahia Kuliak n'ime Asụsụ ndị Sudan nke Ọwụwa achị. Mgbe e ịhụ, Bender (2000) dezistar ọnọdụ a site na mmetụta Kuliak dị ka alaka nke Nilo-Saharan. Glottolog na-emeso Kuliak dị ka akara kwụụrụ onwe ya ma ọ naghị anabata Nilo-Saharan dị ka ebe okwu ziri ezi ezi..
Archibald Tucker nyere echiche mbụ maka Ik dị ka onye otu Afroasiatic n'afọ ndị 1960; a katọrọ nke a dị ka nke na-enweghị ike ma gbahapụ ya n'afọ 1980. [3]
Ọdịdị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Bernd Heine (1976), [1] onye na-atụkwa aro nrụzi-ịgagharị Proto-Kuliak sere ekwekọ, na-alụ ọgụ mgba ndị a.
| Ik | Tepes | Nyang'i | Proto-Kuliak | Ebe a na-ahụ ụda olu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | b ~ p | b | *b | |
| ɓ | ɓ | ɓ | *bi | |
| ɗ ~ d | d | d | *d | |
| dz | Ọdịdị | Ọdịdị | *dz | Na mbido. Fricative z na Dorobo. |
| d | s | (?) | N'etiti. Enweghị mmeghachi omume a maara na Nyang'i. | |
| ɟ ~ ̆ | ɟ | ɟ | *ɟ | |
| g | g | g | *g | Na mbido, tupu ụdaume azụ |
| ɟ | g | ɟ | Na mbido, tupu ụdaume ihu | |
| g | Ọdịdị | Ọdịdị | N'etiti | |
| f | p | p | *p | |
| t | t | t | *t | |
| ts | c | c | *c | |
| c | k | k | *kj | Na mbido na mgbasa ozi |
| h | k | k | N'ikpeazụ | |
| k | k | k | *k | |
| kw | w | kw | *kw | Okwu mbido |
| k | Ọdịdị | Ọdịdị | *kh | |
| tsʼ | Ọdịdị | Ọdịdị | *cʼ | Na mbido |
| s | s | s | N'etiti | |
| kʼ | Ihe a na-akpọ China | Ihe a na-akpọ China | *kʼ | |
| s | s | s | *s | Na mbido |
| r | s | s | N'etiti | |
| ɬ | l | ɬ | *ɬ | Na mbido |
| ɬ | l | iɬ | N'ikpeazụ | |
| h | Ọdịdị | Ọdịdị | *h | Na mbido |
| Ọdịdị | ʔ | Ọdịdị | N'ikpeazụ | |
| z | (?) | s | *z | Enweghị mmeghachi omume a maara na Tepes |
| m | m | m | *m | |
| n | n | n | *n | |
| ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | *ɲ | |
| ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | *ŋ | Na mbido, site na ndabara |
| ɲ | ŋ | ŋ | Na mbido, tupu *ɛ | |
| r | ? | ɲ | N'etiti na n'ikpeazụ | |
| l | l | l | *l | N'ikpeazụ, a plosive /t/ na Dorobo. |
| r | r | r | *r | Na mbido na njedebe nke okwu monosyllabic |
| r | Ọdịdị | r | Ebe Ndị Ọzọ | |
| r | r | r | *rr | N'etiti |
| Ọdịdị | j | Ọdịdị | *j | Na mbido na n'ikpeazụ |
| j | j | j | N'etiti | |
| w | w | w | *w | Ihe ndabara |
| w ~ na-aba | Ọdịdị | w | N'ikpeazụ mgbe *k, *g |
| Ik | Tepes | Nyang'i | Proto-Kuliak | Ebe a na-ahụ ụda olu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | a | *a | Ihe ndabara |
| a | a | Ọ bụ | A na-ebute ụdaume ọ bụla na-adịghị emeghe | |
| a | na | na | A na-esochi ụdaume dị elu *i, *u | |
| a | Ọ bụ | Ọ bụ | Enweghị nrụgide, mgbe a na-esote ụdaume *j, *w | |
| Ọ bụ | Ọ bụ | Ọ bụ | *ụ | Na Tepes na Nyang'i, /e/ na /ɛ/ nwere ike ịgbanwe morphophonologically. |
| na | na | na | *e | |
| i | na | na | *ẹ | |
| na | i | i | *M | |
| i | i | i | *i | |
| Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | *ɔ | Na Tepes na Nyang'i, /o/ na /ɔ/ nwere ike ịgbanwe n'ụzọ morphophonologically. |
| o | o | o | *o | |
| u | o | o | *ọ | |
| o | u | u | *U | |
| u | u | u | *u |
Heine na-eweghachi ụdị nrụgide abụọ na Proto-Kuliak: "nke mbụ", nke nwere ike ime n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla ma nọgide n'ọnọdụ n'asụsụ Kuliak niile, na "nke abụọ", nke na-eme mgbe niile na nkeji nke abụọ nke okwu, ma nọrọ n'ebe ahụ na Ik na Nyang'i, mana ọ na-agbanwe na nkeji nke mbụ na Tepes.
Blench [1] na-ekwu na na-ekwu Kuliak akụrụngwa nnukwu ike dị n'ime ya ma n'ụzọ doro anya nwere otu nna nna na nso nso a. E nwere ọtụtụ monosyllabic VC (vowel + consonant) okwu okwu n'asụsụ Kuliak, nke bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'etiti ịhụnanya Nilo-Sahara ma bụrụ nke ụfọdụ n'anya Australia dị ka Kunjen. Blench na-ewere ara VC ndị a ka ha nwere njikọ n'asụsụ Nilo-Sahara ndị ọzọ, ma na-atụ aro na- njikere nke VC nwere ike ịbụ na e mebiri site na mgbarụ ndụ Nilo-Dahara mbụ nke nwe mbụ mbụme mbụ..[4]
Aha dị ama sitere n'Asụsụ Cushitic, [1] na n'oge na-adịbeghị anya Nilotic nke Ọwụwa ihie, a na-ahụ ya na okwu na iseolu nke ahia Kuliak. Blench na-ekwu na Kuliak yiri ka ọ na-ejigide isi okwu ndị na-azụ nke Naịl-Sahara, na-atụ aro Mgbanwe site na ndụ ụmụ dị ka nke a mama na Dahalo.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: [5]
| Asụsụ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ik (1) | kɔ̀nʊ̀kɔ (n'ụzọ nkịtị na ọ bụ otu) | lèɓètsìn (n'ụzọ nkịtị na ọ bụ abụọ) | àɗìn (n'ụzọ nkịtị. ọ bụ atọ) | tsʼàɡùhlin (n'ụzọ nkịtị na ọ bụ anọ) | Túdìn (n'ụzọ nkịtị na ọ bụ ise) | tudini ńda kɛɗɪ kɔn (5+ 1) | tudini ńda kiɗi leɓetse (5+ 2) | tudini ńda kiɗi aɗ (5+ 3) | tudini ńda kiɗi tsʼaɡús (5+ 4) | Tomín |
| Ik (2) | Ginna | Leɓetsa | aɗa / aɗe | tsʔaɡúsa | gị | ńda-keɗi-kɔna (5+ 1) | ńda-kiɗi-léɓetsa (5+ 2) | ńda-kiɗiá-aɗe (5+ 3) | ńda-kiɗi-tsʔaɡúsa (5+ 4) | Tomín |
| Nyang'i | nardok | Mgbasa ozi | Iʔɔn | ugbu aʔe | tud | mɔk kan kapei | mɔk tomin | |||
| Soo (Tepes) (1) | Ọgba aghara | Ọ bụ n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | n'ebe ahụ | n'ime | ˌíntùd ká ˈnɛ́dɛ̀s (5+ 1) | ˌíntùd ká ínɛ̀'bɛ̀c (5+ 2) | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | ˌíntùd ká ínùáʔ (5+ 4) | mì'míɾínìk |
| Soo (Tepes) (2) | Ọdịda | snow | Ya | nowa | tuɗ | tuɗ ka nɪ ɛdɛs (5+ 1) | tuɗ ka nɪ nɛbɛc (5+ 2) | tuɗ ka nɪ iyon (5+ 3) | tuɗ ka nɪ nowa (5+ 4) | tuɗ en-ek i Qatar (aka-PL niile) |
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndepụta nke Proto-Kuliak reconstructions (Wiktionary)
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400, 131, 185, 193–197.
- ↑ The Khoesan Languages.
- ↑ Hetzron (1980). "The Limits of Cushitic". Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 2: 12–13.
- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBlench-Kuliak - ↑ Chan (2019). The Nilo-Saharan Language Phylum. Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.