Asụsụ Kulung (Nepal)

Kulung kulu riŋ
Spoken in:	Nepal and India (Sikkim, Darjeeling, Kalimpong)
Total speakers:	Templeeti:Sigfig
Language family:	Sino-Tibetan  Tibeto-Burman   Mahakiranti (?)    Kiranti     Central      Khambu       Kulung
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	cuw — Chukwa

Kulung (autonym: Kuluラ, [kulu rɪŋ]) bụ otu n'ime Asụsụ Kiranti.  A na-eme emu na mmadụ 33,000 na-asụ ya.  Van Driem (2001) egwu Chukwa dị ka olumba.

Ebe ndị a na-anọ

Kulung n'ihe dị ka obodo iri dị n'elu nọrọ Hoṅgu ma ọ bụ Hoṅgu (nke na-esite na Dūdhkosī), na Solukhumbu District nke Sagarmāthā Zone, Nepal.  Obodo ndị isi na-asụ obodo Kulung bụ Chhemsi na Chheskam.  Ndị Kulung na-ewere otu olumba nke akara a na-asụrụ n'obodo abụọ a dị ka ụdị ịkpọ aha.  N'okpuru mmirika, n'ụdị nke osimiri Huṅga, n'ime obodo ndị a na-akpọ Luchcham, Gudel, Chocholung, Nāmluṅg, Pilmo, Bung, Chhekmā, na Sātdi, a na-asụ ụdị Kulung ndị na-adịabụ mma..

• Ndagwurugwu Osimiri Hongu, Ógbè Solukhumbu, Ógbè Sagarmatha: Bung, Pelmang, Chhemsing, Chheskam, Lucham, Chachalung, Satdi, Gudel, Namlung, Sotang, na obodo Chekma
• Mpaghara Sankhuwasabha, Mpaghara Kosi: Mangtewa, Yaphu, na Seduwa VDCs
• Mpaghara Bhojpur, Mpaghara Kosi: Phedi, Limkhim, Khartanga, na Wasepla VDCs

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Asụsụ Kulung egwu Sotang (Sotaring, Sottaring), Mahakulung, Tamachhang, Pidisoi, Chhapkoa, Pelmung, Namlung, na Khambu.  Kulung na-eme ka ndụ dị n'etiti ụkwụume na ụfọdụume iri na otu.  E nwere usoro ụzọ atọ: dorso-Velar, ezé, na egbugbere ọnụ, usoro ọ elelu nwere olu na-Enweghị ume, olu na-ahụ mma, na ụdị olu na-azụ ume.  E nwere atɔ voiced imi, anɔ approximants, otu vibrant, otu fricative, na atɔ affricates..

Mkpụrụedemede

Kulung nwere ụdaume isii dị mkpirikpi na ụdaume isii ogologo:

Mkpụrụedemede Kulung

	N'ihu		Central		Ịlaghachi azụ
	short	long	short	long	short	long
N'akụkụ	i	iː			u	uː
N'etiti	e	eː	ə	əː	ɔ	ɔː
Emeghe			a	aː

• Mkpụrụedemede ihu na nke etiti anaghị agba gburugburu, ebe ụdaume azụ na-agba gburugburu.

Mkpụrụ okwu

Mkpụrụ okwu ndị na-esote ya

		Bilabial	Ezé ezé	Palatal	Velar	Mkpịsị aka
Ụgbọ imi		m	n		ŋ
	olu na-enweghị ume	p	t	tɕ	k	ʔ
	kwuru okwu	b	d	dʑ	g
	onye na-enweghị olu	pʰ	tʰ	tɕʰ	kʰ
Ihe na-egbu egbu	enweghị olu		s
	kwuru okwu					ɦ
Ọkpụkpụ			ɾ
Ihe ndị na-eru nso		w	l	j

Ihe atụ okwu maka ụdaume

IPA	Ihe Nlereanya
/k/	/koŋ/	[kɔŋ]	'M'
/kʰ/	/kʰoŋ/	[kʰɔŋ]	'arịa ọla'
/g/	/goŋ/	[gɔŋ]	'nkewa nke agbụrụ'
/p/	/mampai/	[mampai]	'Ọ gbaghị. '
/pʰ/	/mampʰai/	[mampʰai]	'Ọ tụgharịghị ya. '
/b/	/mambai/	[mambai]	'Ọ bịaghị. '
/t/	/tite/	[tite]	'Ọ na-ere ọkụ. '
/tʰ/	/tʰite/	[tʰite]	'Ọ mụ anya. '
/d/	/dite/	[dite]	'Ọ na-eyi àkwá. '
/tɕ/	/tɕi/	[tɕi]	'nri'
/tɕʰ/	/tɕʰi/	[tɕʰi]	'mkpokoro'
/dʑ/	/dʑi/	[dʑi]	'obi ụtọ'
/s/	/si/	[si]	'Lous'
/m/	/ma/	[ma]	'nne'
/n/	/na/	[na]	'nwanne nwanyị okenye'
/ŋ/	/ŋa/	[ŋa]	'azụ̀'
/ɾ/	/ɾiŋ/	[ɾiŋ]	'asụsụ, okwu'
/l/	/liŋ/	[liŋ]	'yeast'
/j/	/ja/	[ja]	'ọnụ ọnụ'
/w/	/wa/	[wa]	'mmiri ozuzo'
/ɦ/	/ɦu/	[ɦu]	'ogwe aka'
/ʔ/	/ʔa/	[ʔa]	' (ihe ịrịba ama nke ergative) '

Ọdịdị aha

N'ime ụdị aha ndị a bụ akụkụ ndị na-esonụ nke okwu: aha, adjectives, nnọchiaha na nọmba. E nwere ụkpụrụ ọdịdị doro anya maka ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti aha na ngwaa. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịdepụta aha maka ikpe na ọnụọgụ, a na-edepụta ngwaa maka onye, ọnụọgụgụ, na oge. Enweghị okike na asụsụ na Kulung.

Aha nnọchiaha

Ndị akụkụaha Kulung iri nwere ọnụọgụ atọ (otu, na ọtụtụ) mbụ na mmadụ atọ (onye nke abụọ na onye nke atọ) yana nke zuru oke / naanị.  Enweghị Ọdịiche nwoke na mmanya.

Ndị nnọchiaha Kulung

	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Nke mbụ pụrụ iche	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ 'M'	kaska 'anyị (ya na ya) '	keika 'anyị (anyị niile, mụ onwe m) '
Nke mbụ gụnyere	-	kas 'anyị (anyị na m) '	kei 'anyị (anyị niile, mụ onwe m) '
Nke abụọ	'ị'	ochie 'ị (abụọ) '	anni 'ị (ndị na-eme ihe nkiri) '
Nke atọ	ŋkə 'ya/ya'	-	N'ịkụ 'ha'

Ikpe

Kulung nwere ikpe iri na atọ.  A na-akpata njedebe ikpe na aha nwere ma ọ bụ na-emetụta mmetụta na- otu.  Allomorphy nke njedebe ikpe dabere na ma aha ahụ na-agwụ na ikeume ma ọ bụ ikeume.  N'okpuru ebe a na-egosi njedebe nke aha lam 'okporo ụzọ'.

Ọnọdụ Kulung

Ihe omuma	Suffix	Nkwadebe Bekee.	Ihe Nlereanya	Nsụgharị
ihe na-enweghị isi	-	-	lam	okporo ụzọ
mkpụrụ ndụ	-mi	nke / 's	lam-mi	nke (a) ụzọ / ụzọ
ergative	-ʔa	-	lam-ʔa	okporo ụzọ
ngwá ọrụ	-ʔa	site na	lam-ʔa	n'okporo ụzọ
vocative	-ʔa	-	lam-ʔa	O ụzọ
ebe obibi 1	-pi	na, na, na	lam-pi	n'okporo ụzọ
ebe obibi 2	-na	na, na, na	ihe mgbochi	n'okporo ụzọ (n'ọkwa dị elu)
ebe obibi 3	-pu	na, na, na	lam-pu	n'okporo ụzọ (n'okpuru)
ebe obibi 4	-pa	na, na, na	lam-pa	n'okporo ụzọ (n'otu ọkwa)
comitative	-lo	na	na-eme ya	na okporo ụzọ
ablative	-ka	site na	lam-ka	site n'okporo ụzọ
eletrik	-pika	site na mpụga	lam-pika	site n'èzí ụzọ
mgbasa ozi	-la	site na, site na	na-eme ka ọ dị mma	n'okporo ụzọ

Ọdịdị okwu

A na-eji usoro dị ime anya nke pronominalisation mara ngwaa Kulung, nke a na-ahụ mgbidi nke isi.  Njedebe onwe onye nwere morphemes na- echiche dị ka oge, onye ọrụ, onye ọrịa, ọnụ ọgụgụ, na iche.  Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke okwu na ọnọdụ ha na okwu, ngwaa ọ blá na Kulung bụ nke otu ụdị mgbanwe.[1]  A na-egosi njikọ zuru oke nke ngwaa ndị sitere na ụdị dị iche iche iche na ihe mgbakwunye nke abụọ.  Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ Kiranti, a na-ahụ ngwaa dị iche iche na Kulung.  Ngwakọta ngwaa ndị nwere ogwe aka ngwa na-ahụ nke na- echiche echiche semantic na ngwaa bụ isi.  Okwu ndị ọzọ a na-ahụ na Kulung bụ gerund, imperative, supine na infinitive.

Ngwaa intransitive per-ma 'ịkwọ ụgbọ elu'

	Enweghị ihe ziri ezi	N'oge na-adịghị anya	A jụrụ ya tupu ya eruo
1s	site na ya:	mana	nne na-eri
1di	site na nke a	site na nke a	nne n'otu n'otu
Nke 1	per-ci-ka	per-a-ka	mam-per-s-ka
1pi	n'oge gara aga	site na i	nne na-eri
1pe	per-ya-ka	per-i-ka	mam-per-i-ka
2s	n'otu n'otu	site na	nne na nwa
2d	site na nke a	site na nke a	nne na-ebughị ụzọ
2p	per-ni	per-a-ni	nne na nna
3	n'otu n'otu	site na	nne na nna

Akwụkwọ

Tolsma, Gerard Jacobus (2006). A Grammar of Kulung, Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. ISBN 9789004153301. 

Njikọ mpụga

• WALS - Kulung
• Himalayan Languages Project[usurped]