Asụsụ Kuteb

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Kuteb
Spoken in: Nigeria, Cameroon 
Region: Taraba State
Total speakers: 46,000
Language family: Nnijer–Kongo
 Atlantic–Congo
  Benue–Congo
   Jukunoid
    Kuteb
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2:
ISO 639-3: kub

Kuteb (nke a makwaara dị ka Kutep) makwaara dị ka Ati, Kutev, Mbarike, Zumper bụ asụsụ agbụrụ Naijiria. Ndị Kuteb na-ebikarị na mpaghara ndịda nke steeti Taraba na Naijiria, nwere otu puku ndị na-ekwu okwu n'ofe oke na Cameroon. Na Naijiria, a na-asụkarị ya na Takum na Ussa LGAs, na Yangtu SDA Taraba Steeti.[1]

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Kuteb, e nwere fọnịm consonant 27, ụdaume iri na abụọ na ụda ise.[2]

ụdaume[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Kuteb, e nwere ụdaume abụọ dị iche iche, ọnụ na imi. N'ụdị ụda, setịpụ ọ bụla nwere ụdaume isii dị iche iche. Na mkpokọta, enwere fọnịm iri na abụọ dị iche iche. Ọkwa nke ɨ ịbụ fọnịm na Kuteb ejighị n'aka. Igwefoto a na-apụta naanị n'ime mkpụrụokwu mechiri emechi, ụfọdụ prefixes noun, yana n'okwu nkwugharị okwu ebe enwere nnọpụiche nke u na i.[2]

Tebụl ụdaume na Kuteb
Mkpịsị Akwara Mkpịsị Akpụkpọ Akpụkpọ
N'ihu Central Nlaghachi N'ihu Central Nlaghachi
N'akụkụ i

/i/

Ọdịdị

/ɨ/

u

/u/

Ọ dị mfe

/ĩ/

Otú ọ dị,

/ũ/

N'etiti etiti na

/e/

o

/o/

ē

/ẽ/

ō

/õ/

Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghere oghe ae

/æ/

Ạ̀ bụ n'ihi na

/æ̃/

Emeghe a

/a/

À

/ã/

Mgbochiume[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kuteb nwere fọnịm consonant 27 dị iche iche. A na-ahụ ndenye ndị a na-ede ede n'okwu mbinye ego nkịtị, ma ọ bụ, n'ihe banyere /v/ na /z/, mgbanwe subdialectical. Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Jukunoid, Kuteb akọwapụtala consonants. N'otu ọmụmụ ihe, agụnyere ndị a abụghị dị ka mgbanwe na base-phoneme, kama dị ka ụda nke ha dị iche iche.[3][4]

Tebụl nke ụdaume na Kuteb
Ọnụ Alveolar Palatal Velar Ọkụ
Ụgbọ imi m

/m/

n, nn[note 1]

/n/

ny

/ɲ/

ŋ

/ŋ/

Plosive kwuru okwu b

/b/

d

/d/

g

/g/

unvoiced p

/p/

t

/t/

c

/c/

k

/k/

pre-nasalvoiced



mb

/m͡b/

nd

/n͡d/

nj

/n͡ʒ/

Gọsi

/ŋ͡g/

Africate ts

/t͡s/

Ihe na-esiri ike kwuru okwu v

/v/

z

/z/

j

/ʒ/

unvoiced f

/f/

s

/s/

sh

/ʃ/

h

/h/

Ihe atụ na

/j/

w

/w/

Flap r

/ɾ/

Ihe Na-eru nso n'akụkụ l

/l/

Ụda[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Kuteb, enwere ụda anọ ma ọ bụ ise dị iche iche, dabere n'otú e si agụ ha. Ụda nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nabatara bụ ụda dị ala (enweghị akara), etiti (-), elu ('), na ụda dara ada (ˆ).

Arụmụka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka Roger Blench si kwuo, e nwere ụda ise dị iche iche na Kuteb, ndị a bụ: obere (enweghị akara), mid (n), elu ('), ọdịda (ˆ), na ịrị elu (ˇ). A na-emepụta ụda nke ise, (na-ebili) naanị site na mgbanwe sandhi nke na-emetụta ụfọdụ okwu mgbe "elu elu". Dị ka W.E. Welmers, mgbanwe Sandhi a anaghị eme, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ mere, naanị ịkpọ okwu ga-agbanwe, ọ bụghị diacritic edere ya.[5]

Phonotactics[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

oke syllabic[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Kutep, dị ka n'asụsụ Jukunoid ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ekwentị consonantal nwere ike bụrụ nke a na-edegharị ma ọ bụ palatal. Ọ bụrụ na ewere mgbanwe ndị a ka ọ bụrụ ụyọkọ ụda olu ekwe ntị, oke syllabic bụ ndị a:[6]

N - ụdaume imi, V - ụdaume, C - ụdaume
Kuteb (nkewa syllabically) Kuteb Nsụgharị Bekee
N ḿ.m ḿm na ọ bụghị
V u.fu Ufe ọnụ ụzọ
CV bịa
CVC mūm mūm gwuo
CCV u.kwe ukwe onye isi
CCVC kwáb kwáb gbalịa

Sandhi na-agbanwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akwụkwọ ozi ⟨w⟩ n'asụsụ Kuteb na-ejigide ọkwa ya dị ka okwu labio-velar dị nso, dị ka ọ dị na uwé 'face' ma ọ bụ na 'mkpọnwụ' - n'agbanyeghị, mgbe ⟨w⟩ gụnyere na ụyọkọ nwere consonant palatal (/c). , j, sh, nj/) /w/, n'ihi mgbanwe sandhi, na-aghọ ntọhapụ labiodental ekwupụtara ma ọ bụ enweghị olu.

N'ọkwa CV, a na-eji consonants ndị a:[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Kuteb, e nwere ọtụtụ ụyọkọ consonant nwere ike ịdị, n'agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-eme n'etiti oke okwu, n'agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-eme n'otu mkpụrụokwu - edepụtara n'okpuru ebe a. Otú ọ dị, nchikota ọ bụla nke syllable-ikpeazụ consonants (lee n'okpuru) na-esote mkpọda-mkpọmkwem mbụ ọ bụla ga-ekwe omume. O yikarịrị ka mbelata ahụ ga-eme, dịka ọ dị n'okwu ushitong 'ofe-stirrer' (nke sitere na shir na utoŋ) ebe a tụbara /r/. Ọzọkwa, mgbe ikpeazụ ⟨nn⟩ ị ga-ebu ụzọ malite na ⟨n⟩, a na-ebelata okpukpu abụọ ⟨nn⟩ Enwere ike igosi mmetụta a n'okwu ndị dị ka munae (munn-náe) 'ba ụba', na na munji (munn-nji) 'echefu'.[7]

N'ọkwa CV, a na-eji consonants ndị a:

  • p ts t c k b (d) (g) mb nd nj bg f s sh h v z nz m n ŋ r l

Mgbe ịnọ na C (C) VC ikpeazụ, a na-eji ihe ndị a kama:

  • b r g m n* ŋ*

A na-eji ihe ndị a na ụyọkọ CC:

  • Na Cw: pw, mbw, bw, fw, mw, sw (?), cw, njw, jw, shw, kw, ngw, na ŋw[note 2]
  • Mụ na Cy: py, mby
  • Na Ck: pk, tk, fk, sk
  • Na Cg: mbg, ndg

ụyọkọ mgbochiume[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na 1964, Peter Ladefoged dekọtara ụda olu nke ọtụtụ asụsụ West Africa. Otu n'ime asụsụ ndị a bụ Kuteb, ndị a bụ ihe ọ chọpụtara:[8]

Ọnụ Ezé ezé Alveolar Palatal Post-palatal Velar
Na /w/ Na /y/ Na /ɣ/ ma ọ bụ /x/
pw py px ts tx tɕf kw
mbw mby mbɣ ndz ndɣ ndʒ __ibo____ibo__ Nkwupụta ŋgw
bw site na Nke a (gw)
F. ya fx sk ʃf
mw m (mɣ) Ee e ŋw

ndetu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. In the standard Kuteb orthography, ⟨n⟩ is used initially and medially for /n/, while ⟨nn⟩ is used finally
  2. Roger Blench notes that ⟨ŋ⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ are equivalent in the standard orthography. Here, both ⟨ŋw⟩ and ⟨ngw⟩ are listed as separate phonemes, though, the difference between them is not given

edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. Did you know Kuteb is at risk? (en). Endangered Languages. Retrieved on 2022-01-23.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 19
  3. Kiyoshi (1980). Comparative Jukunoid. Vienna, Austria: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Afrikanistik und Ägyptlogie der Universität Wien, 66. 
  4. Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 20
  5. Welmers (1948). The Phonology and Morphology of Kuteb (unpublished). Sudan United Mission, 105 & 173. 
  6. Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 53–54
  7. Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 37–38
  8. Ladefoged (1964). A phonetic study of west African languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 31. ISBN 0-521-06963-7. 

mpụga njiko[dezie | dezie ebe o si]