Asụsụ Laha
Laha ( Chinese ) bụ asụsụ Kra na-asụ ihe dịka mmadụ 1,400 n'ime mkpokọta mmadụ 5,686 Laha . A na-asụ ya na mpaghara Lào Cai na Sơn La, Vietnam. Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ Rọshịa dekọrọ olumba Laha n'afọ 1986 nakwa na 1996 site n'aka ọkà mmụta asụsụ America bụ Jerold A. Edmondson . Ọtụtụ Laha nwekwara ike ịkparịta ụka n'asụsụ Khmu, ebe ndị na-asụ Laha nwekwara nnukwu Black Thai ( Tai Dam ), Kháng, Ksongmul ( Ksingmul, Xinh-mun), na ndị Hmong .
Ostapirat (2000) na-atụle olumba Laha ka ha guzobe otu obere nke ha (Southern Kra) n'ime alaka Kra.
Nkesa ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Gregerson & Edmondson (1997) na Wardlaw (2000) na-akọ ebe ndị na-esonụ nke olumba Laha abụọ, ya bụ Wet Laha na Dry Laha olumba.
Wet Laha ( Laha Ung, la33 ha21 ʔuŋ31 ) nke Lào Cai na Lai Châu
- Tà Mít Commune, Tân Uyên, Lai Châu, Vietnam (nke dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Ojii ) — nke a maara dị ka "Wet Laha". Onye ozi Edmondson sitere na Bản Muot Village, Tà Mít Commune (Edmondson & Gregerson 1997). Enwere obodo 8 Laha nke na-erughị 1,000 mmadụ na Than Uyên District, Lai Châu, Vietnam .
- Pha Mu and Nặm Cần Communes, Tân Uyên, Lai Châu
Dry Laha ( Laha Phlao ) nke Sơn La — gburugburu Sông Đà na Nậm Mu Rivers
- Noong Lay na Nặm Ét Communes, Thuận Châu, Sơn La, Vietnam (nke dị n'ebe ndịda nke Black River ; na Bản Muot, wdg) — nke a maara dị ka "Dry Laha"
- Chiền Xòm, Liềp Tè, Noong Giông, na Nặm Ét na Sơn La
- Nặm Giôn, Chiền Xàng, Chiền Dong, Pi Toong, na Mường Bú nke Mường La District, Sơn La Province . Laha nke Nà Tạy, Pi Toong commune ka edebere na Hsiu (2017).
- Thuận Châu, Mường La, Quỳnh Nhai district nke Sơn La Province
- Bản Bung na Phù Yên dị nso na Sơn La Province n'akụkụ ugwu nke Osimiri Ojii
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Labial | Alveolar | Palato-<br id="mwZg"><br><br><br> alveolar | ( Alveolo -) <br id="mwag"><br><br><br>palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwụsị / Mmekọrịta |
enweghị olu | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ | |
| achọsi ike | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
| kwuputara | b | d | |||||
| Nke na-ese okwu | f | s | ʑ | x | h | ||
| Ihu imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Odika | w | l | |||||
| Labial | Alveolar | Palato-<br id="mw4Q"><br><br><br> alveolar | ( Alveolo -) <br id="mw5Q"><br><br><br>palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwụsị / Mmekọrịta |
enweghị olu | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ | |
| achọsi ike | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
| kwuputara | b | d | dʒ | ||||
| Nke na-ese okwu | s | ʑ | x | h | |||
| Ihu imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Odika | w | l | |||||
- Na olumba abụọ, /tʃ/ enwere ike ịnụ dị ka [tɕ] mgbe eme n'ihu ụdaume n'ihu.
Consonants ikpeazụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ha abụọ nwere otu consonants ikpeazụ, ewezuga /l/ dị naanị n'olumba Noong Lay.
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwụsị | p | t | k | ʔ |
| Ihu imi | m | n | ŋ |
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwụsị | p | t | k | ʔ |
| Ihu imi | m | n | ŋ | |
| Odika | l |
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]mmụta asụsụ Rọshịa dekọrọ olumba Laha n'afọ 1986 nakwa na 1996 site n'aka ọkà mmụta asụsụ America bụ Jerold A.
- Benedict, Paul K. 1992. " Laha nyochagharịrị ." Na Linguistics nke Mpaghara Tibeto-Burman, 15, mba. 2: 207–218 .
- Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, na Yongxian Luo ed. Asụsụ Tai-Kadai . Usoro Ezinụlọ Asụsụ Routledge. Psychology Press, 2008.
- Gregerson, Kenneth na Jerold A. Edmondson. 1997. " Kam-Tai na-apụ apụ: ndetu na Ta Mit Laha ." Na Ọmụmụ Mon-Khmer, 27: 257–269.
- Ostapira, Weera. 1995. " ndetu na Laha final -l ". Na linguistics nke mpaghara Tibeto-Burman, vol. 18, mba. 1, nkp. 173–181.
- Wardlaw, Terrance Randall. Ntụnyere ụda olu dị n'etiti ụdị abụọ nke Laha: syllable constituents na ụda na Ta Mit na Noong Lay Laha . MA Thesis, Mahadum Texas na Arlington, 2000.