Asụsụ Laomian
| Laomian | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | China | |
| Region: | Yunnan Province | |
| Total speakers: | 5,000 | |
| Language family: | Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Lolo–Burmese Loloish Southern Bisoid Laomian | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | lwm
| |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Laomian ( Chinese , nke a makwaara dị ka Bisu, Guba ma ọ bụ Lawmeh ) bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet na ọ bụ aha Lahu sitere na China nwetara aha Lawmeh. Laomian nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Bisu, a na-asụ na Laomian Dazhai (老缅大寨), Obodo Zhutang (竹塘乡), Lancang County, Yunnan. [1] Enwere ndị na-ekwu okwu 4,000 (nke sitere na ndị agbụrụ 5,000) na etiti Lancang County, Yunnan, [ 3 ] na ihe na-erughị 1,000 Laopin na-ekwu okwu, nke nwere ike ghara ịgụnye na ọnụọgụ ndị a. Ezinụlọ asụsụ ya mejupụtara Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern, Bisoid, Bisu-Pyen-Laomian, Bisu, Pyen na Laomian. A na-asụkarị ya na China na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Yunnan Province nke jikọtara Thailand na Myanmar. Ndị na-asụ Laomi bụ ndị bi n'ebe ndị agbụrụ dị iche iche na-asụkarị Laomian n'ụlọ ha, ebe ha na-asụ asụsụ obodo bụ isi n'ihu ọha. Nkezi afọ nke ndị na-asụ Laomi na-abawanye n'ime afọ iri isii ruo afọ iri asaa na mpaghara mpaghara dị iche iche n'ihi na ụmụaka na-amụ asụsụ obodo bụ isi. Ọchịchị a na -asụ Chaịniiz enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'obodo nta ndị Laomi n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịsụ ọtụtụ asụsụ. [1]
Nkesa ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Narị afọ abụọ gara aga, ndị Lahu malitere nnupụisi na mpaghara Shuangjiang, Lancang na Menglian nke Yunnan Province. Ndị Bisu, nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Laomian na ndị Laopin, sonyeere ha. Na 1801 nnupụisi ahụ kwụsịrị ma ndị Bisu soro osimiri Nanku na ndịda. Ha nwetara ọtụtụ ọkwa mmegbu n'ebe dị iche iche wee bịarute Muga Mengnuo na Zhutand na Lancang. Ndị Bisu nọ na mgbagha ọgba aghara nke ndị ọrụ ugbo. E wedara nke a site na njikọ aka nke Lahu Tsui, ndị nwe ụlọ Han na ndị agha obodo. Ndị Bisu wee kwaga Menglian, Ximeng na Menghai . Obodo Mong Yang dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Menghai County yana n'ebe ugwu site na Menglian County - mpaghara abụọ ahụ ebe Bisu biri ma nọrọ ruo taa.
Ọkwa gọọmentị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]China bụ naanị mba ka nwere ndị ka na-eji Laomian. Ụfọdụ ebe dị na China ka na-asụ asụsụ a bụ:
- Obodo Yunnan
- Obodo Lancang
- Obodo Menglian
- Mpaghara Ximeng
- Obodo Menghai (na Mengzhe Township)
Olumba/ụdị dị iche iche
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Lanmeng, Huaipa, Dakao, Laopin yiri Pyen na Bisu, mana ha nwere myirịta akwụkwọ ozi pasentị iri itoolu na atọ ruo iri itoolu na ise na Laomian na Laopin na pasentị iri asatọ na asatọ na Bisu na Thailand.
Asụsụ ndị ewepụtara
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị Tai Lue emetụtala Laopin ogologo oge, ebe ndị China na-emetụta ma Laomian na Laopin n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. N'ihi nke a, e nwere ọtụtụ okwu mbinye ego, echiche na okwu teknụzụ ọhụrụ na-abụghị usoro Bisu omenala. Mmetụta ndị agbata obi emetụtala ụtọ asụsụ Laomian na Laopin na phonology.
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 2000, mmadụ mụtara ihe dị n'ahịrịokwu-ikpeazụ na akụkọ Bisu. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ya, ọ lere anya n'akụkọ ifo 13 edere, ederede 6 na-akọwapụta, na akụkọ ndụ 3 iji guzobe akụkụ ndị na-emetụta iji urughuru eme ihe. Mmadụ na-enyocha mgbanwe dị ka, ebe n'okwu a, mgbanwe ikwu okwu, mgbagwoju anya ahịrịokwu, omume ma ọ bụ adịghị eme na nhota na nhụta pụtara ìhè. Ọ gụkwara mmetụta ụdị ederede nwere n'iji urughuru eme ihe n'okwu Bisu wee kwubie na irighiri ihe Bisu na-adịgasị iche dabere n'ụdị ederede.
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, iji Chinese na-ewu ewu ma na-ebute mgbanwe asụsụ. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eji Lahu, Mandarin Chinese, Hani na Lü . A na-atụ egwu Laomian nke ukwuu n'ihe egwu, ọkachasị na Nanya dị na Menglian, ebe ọ bara uru na akụ na ụba yana ojiji China na Lahu na-edochi Laomian. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri ise nke ndị Laomi nke fọdụrụ na China bụ agwakọta na obodo ndị nwere ọtụtụ Lahu na ọ bụghị ndị niile fọdụrụnụ nwere ike ịsụ Laomian. [2]
Na nyocha Muang Muang Tun 48/48 nke ndị mmadụ zara na ha na-eji Laomian/Laopin mgbe ha na-agwa nne na nna ha, nne na nna ochie, ụmụnne ha, ụmụ, ụmụ ụmụ, ụmụ nwanne na ụmụ nwanne ha okwu. Ndị a na-eji Laomian/Laopin kacha na ezinụlọ ha. Ọ bụ ezie na 3/36 ndị Laomi kwuru na ha na-eji Lahu mgbe ha na-agwa di ha okwu na 3/12 Laopin na-eji Chinese ma ọ bụ Lahu ma ọ bụ Dai na-ekwurịta okwu na di ha. 48/48 Ndị Laomian/Laopin kwuru na ha na-eji Laomian/Laopin mgbe ha na ndị enyi Laomian/Laopin na-ekwurịta okwu na nnọkọ olili ozu ma ọ bụ obodo, mana 48/48 [100%] kwuru na ha na-eji Chinese mgbe ha zutere ndị ọrụ gọọmentị. N'ikpeazụ, 48/48 [100%] kwuru na ụmụ Laomain/Laopin ga-asụ Laomian/Laopin n'ọdịnihu.
Usoro edemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro ederede a na-eji bụ ihe odide Thai bụ nnwale. Edemede Thai nwere mkpụrụedemede 44 na akara ụdaume iri na ise wee jikọta n'ime opekata mpe ụdị ụdaume iri abụọ na asatọ, yanakwa ụda olu anọ. Ederede Thai bụ usoro ederede akụkụ ma ọ bụ abugida . Mgbe a na-eji usoro ihe odide a, a na-ede consonants n'ahịrị site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri, a na-etinyekwa ụdaume n'aka ekpe ma ọ bụ aka nri, ma ọ bụ n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru consonant a na-eji.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Láncāng Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn Zhútáng Xiāng Dōngzhǔ Lǎomiǎn Dàzhài (zh). ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2015-01-29.
- ↑ Laomian. Endangered Languages. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved on 8 March 2017.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Chong (2007). "Critical Issues in Diversity and Schooling within Asia", in Phillipson: Learning Diversity in the Chinese Classroom: Contexts and Practice for Students with Special Needs. Hong Kong University Press, 35–64. ISBN 978-988-8052-49-3.
- OLAC Resources in and About the Laomian Language. Open Language Archives. Retrieved on 8 March 2017.
- Laomian Language. Global Recordings Network. Retrieved on 30 April 2017.
- Bradley (2007). "Language Endangerment in China and Mainland Southeast Asia", in Brenzinger: Language Diversity Endangered (in en). New York: Walter de Gruyter, 278–302. ISBN 978-3-11-017050-4.