Asụsụ Lenakel
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| Spoken in: | — | |
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| Total speakers: | — | |
| Language family: | Default | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
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| ISO 639-3: | — | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Lenakel, ma ọ bụ West Tanna, bụ olumba a na-asụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti Tanna na Vanuatu .
Lenakel bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ise a na-asụ na Tanna. Aha obodo maka asụsụ a bụ Netvaar, na ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-ezo aka n'asụsụ ha dị ka Nakaraan taha Lenakel ' . Lenakel enyochala ma detuo ya nke ukwuu site n'aka John Lynch, ma akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na nkọwa asụsụ zuru ezu nke asụsụ ka ebipụtala.
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Lenakel bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke ndịda Vanuatu. Ndị ikwu ya kacha nso bụ asụsụ Tanna anọ ndị ọzọ a na-asụ n'agwaetiti Tanna. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Whitesands na North Tanna, asụsụ abụọ kacha nso na mbara ala na mpaghara asụsụ Lenakel. N'agbanyeghi na o nweghi otu n'ime asusu Tanna nke a na-amata nke oma, enwere oke nchikota nke lexical, na grammar nke Lenakel, Whitesands, na North Tanna fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu. Dabere na data ndepụta Swadesh, ahụrụ Lenakel ka ọ bụ 73-80% lexically yiri North Tanna yana 75-81% lexically yiri Whitesands. Ọkachamara asụsụ DT Tryon atụwo aka na ọnọdụ asụsụ na Vanuatu dị ka otu n'ime "ịchịkọta asụsụ," ntụaka maka Dialect continuum, echiche dị n'ime asụsụ asụsụ na olumba dị n'akụkụ a continuum ma ọ bụ agbụ n'ime mpaghara asụsụ. [1]
Nkesa ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-asụ Lenakel na Tanna, bụ agwaetiti dị n'ebe ndịda nke yinye agwaetiti 82 nwere Vanuatu. Ndị mmadụ 8,500 na 11,500 na-asụ ya, ọ gbakwasara na etiti ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ. Isagel, isi obodo nchịkwa nke Tafea Province, dị n'ime mpaghara asụsụ Lenakel, dịkwa ka Lenakel, obodo kachasị ukwuu n'agwaetiti Tanna. Enwere obodo ndị na-asụ Lenakel pụtara ìhè na mpaghara Vanuatu ndị ọzọ, dịka New Caledonia na Port Vila n'àgwàetiti Efate .
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọnọdụ olumba dị n'ime Lenakel gbagwojuru anya site n'eziokwu na ndị na-asụ asụsụ a nwere echiche dị iche iche ma asụsụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya dịka Whitesand na North Tanna bụ asụsụ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ na ha bụ olumba Lenakel. Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ dị ka John Lynch na Terry Crowley atụwo aro na a ga-achọkwu nyocha ka e wee guzosie ike n'olumba na oke asụsụ na Tanna.
Ozi kachasị ntụkwasị obi ruo taa na-egosi na enwere ihe ruru olumba iri nke Lenakel, gụnyere Loanatit, Nerauya, Itonga, na Ikyoo .
A na-ewere Lenakel ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ kacha ama ama nke a na-asụ na Tanna, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na ejiri ya dị ka asụsụ ụka ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. [2]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndepụta ekwentị bụ otu a: [3] [ 15 ]
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Labio-velar | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ihu imi | mʷ ⟨ m̃ ⟩ | m ⟨ m ⟩ | n ⟨ n ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ ŋ ⟩ | ||
| Plosive | pʷ ⟨ p̃ ⟩ | p ⟨ p ⟩ | t ⟨ t ⟩ | k ⟨ ⟩ | ||
| Nke na-ese okwu | f ⟨ f ⟩ | s ⟨ s ⟩ | h ⟨ h ⟩ | |||
| Kpatụ | ɾ ⟨⟩ | |||||
| Odika | w ⟨ ⟩ | l ⟨ ⟩ | j̈ ⟨ ⟩ |
- Mgbe otu /h/ sochiri ya, ụda na-ada ụda /mʷ m n ŋ l ɾ/ a na-anụ ụda ụda dị ka enweghị olu [m̥ʷ m̥ n̥ ŋ̊ l̥ ɾ̥~r̥] .
- /ɾ/ na-abụkarị ụda flap, n'ọnọdụ okwu-ikpeazụ, a na-anụ ya dị ka ụda trill [r] .
- A na-ahụta ⟨ ⟩ dị ka ụda glide dị elu, nke ejiri ụda olu amata dị ka [j̈] ma ọ bụ [ɨ̯] .
- /t/ nwere ike ịka njọ [tʲ] mgbe ọ na-eme tupu /i/ . Ọ nwekwara ike na-ada ụda n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche dị ka [dʲ] .
- /k/ nwere ike bụrụ nkwụsị ụda [ɡ] ma ọ bụ esemokwu [ɣ] mgbe nọ n'ọnọdụ intervocalic.
- /t k/ nwere ike bụrụ onye na-achọsi ike [tʰ kʰ] tupu /h/ . /p k/ mgbe a nụrụ tupu otu /h/ nwere ike inwe allophones dị ka [ɸ x] .
- Okwu ikpeazụ /s/, nwere ike ịdị iche iche, na-anụ dị ka [h] .
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechie | i ⟨ i ⟩ | u ⟨ ⟩ | |
| N'etiti | e ⟨ ⟩ | ⟨ ⟩ə | o ⟨ ⟩ |
| Mepee | a ⟨ ⟩ |
- /i/ and /u/ become glide sounds [j] and [w] when adjacent to vowels.
- In closed syllables, /i/ and /u/ can be heard as [ɪ] and [ʊ].
- /e/ and /o/ are heard as [ɛ] and [ɔ] before a consonant. When occurring before a vowel or in word-final position, they are heard phonemically.
- /ə/ is heard as high as [ɨ] when occurring after alveolar consonants.
- After a labialized bilabial consonant, /a/ is heard as [ɒ]. When occurring after /j̈/, it is fronted as [a].
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Tryon (1976). New Hebrides Languages: an internal classification, Pacific Linguistics Series C - No. 50. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, 79. DOI:10.15144/pl-c50. ISBN 0-858-83-152-X.
- ↑ Lynch (2001). The Linguistic History of Southern Vanuatu, Pacific Linguistics 509. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. DOI:10.15144/pl-509.
- ↑ Lynch (1996). "Liquid Palatalization in Southern Vanuatu". Oceanic Linguistics 35 (1): 77–95. DOI:10.2307/3623031.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]na-echeta ugbu a naanị otu onye na-ekwu okwu na-agafe agafe, onye bi n'ime obodo Aplow - aha ọhụrụ nke ihe a na-akpọ Okike