Asụsụ Lhowa

 

Lhowa (ल्होवा), nke a makwaara dị ka Loke Tibet, Mustang Tibetan na Lhopa bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet na-asụ ihe ruru puku ndị Tibet 3,000 bi na mpaghara Mustang dị n'etiti Nepal (ISO 639-3: loy, Loy, Glotto2 ).

Aha asụsụ

Ndị na-ekwu okwu Lhowa na mpaghara Lomanthang (Upper Mustang) na-akọwa onwe ha dị ka Lopa, Loba, ma ọ bụ Lowa, 'ndị Lo' na asụsụ ha dị ka Lo-ke ma ọ bụ Glo-skad, 'asụsụ Lo'. Ndị na-ekwu okwu na obodo Bahragaun Muktichhetra (Lower Mustang) na-ezokarị aka n'okwu ha dị ka Jhardzong 'asụsụ anyị,' ma ọ bụ aha obodo nwere okwu -ke 'asụsụ'. O nweghị otu okwu e ji mee ihe maka ụdị asụsụ niile nke ndị na-asụ ya niile nabatara. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-akpọkwa asụsụ ahụ Bhote Bhasa, n'agbanyeghị na nke a bụ aha Nepali.

Nhazi asụsụ

Lhowa bụ otu n'ime asụsụ iri na ise dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tibetic otu Nepal. A na-ekewa ya dị ka Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central (Tibetan), gTsang. Asụsụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya n'ime otu a gụnyere Humla [ụlọ], Mugom-Karmarong [ muk ] na Dolpo [ dre ] n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, yana Gyalsumdo [ gyo ], Hyolmo [scp], Jirel [ jul ], Kyerong [ kgy ], Lhomi [ lhm ], Nubri [ kte ] xs, [ sy ] xs Tichurong [ tcn ], Tsum [ ttz ], na Walungge [ ola ] n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.

Ndị na-ekwu okwu

Dika ngụkọ mba dị na 2011, e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo 3,029 ji aka ha mara nke Lhopa na Nepal, 2,921 n'ime ha bi na mpaghara Mustang n'oge ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ. Mmadụ 2,624 akọwapụtara onwe ha dị ka akụkụ nke agbụrụ Lhopa n'otu ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ. Ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Loke Tibet n'ụwa niile bụ mmadụ 8,800, gụnyere ndị bi na mba ọzọ na India na United States.

Olumba

Enwere isi ihe abụọ dị iche iche nke Mustang Tibet, nke a na-asụ na Upper Mustang (Lo-ke) na nke ọzọ na-asụ na Bahragaun (Bahragaunle). Ọ bụ ezie na nghọta dị elu dị n'etiti ha, ndị na-asụ ụdị abụọ a na-ezo aka na onwe ha na asụsụ ha nwere okwu dị iche iche. Ụdị dị iche iche na-egosipụta myirịta nke 79-88%, na dịka olumba si kwuo, ndị na-ekwu okwu na-egosi nghọta 92-96% nke ederede ọdịyo sitere na ụdị dị iche iche.

Ike asụsụ

A na-amata Lhowa n'obodo niile dị ka asụsụ nke njirimara amaala na Nepal, edepụtara dị ka Lhopa. Nnyocha gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Mustang nke e bipụtara na 2003 chọpụtara na a na-eji Loke Tibetan mee ihe n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ, enwere mgbasa ozi n'etiti ọgbọ, ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ejikwa asụsụ ha na ojiji ya kpọrọ ihe. N'oge ahụ, ndị ọkà okwu kwupụtara ọchịchọ ịzụlite asụsụ ha maka ịgụ na ide. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-emepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'ịntanetị, akwụkwọ mkpụrụedemede (na-eji edemede Devanagari), na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche edere (lee Resources).

Isi mmalite ịntanetị na-emegide ọnọdụ ịdị ike nke Lhowa. Ethnologue na-ekewa Loke Tibet dị ka 6a "siri ike" na EGIDS, na-egosi ọnọdụ ebe asụsụ na-adịghị efunahụ ndị na-ekwu okwu. Otú ọ dị, mbipụta nke atọ nke Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger depụtara asụsụ ahụ dị ka "dị ize ndụ n'ezie," na-egosi na a naghị amụ asụsụ ahụ dị ka asụsụ mbụ n'ime ụlọ.

Akụrụngwa

• mkpụrụedemede: Lhomi, Chhing Chippa. & Lhomi, Shangbu. (2010). mkpụrụedemede Lhowa . Kathmandu: Himalayan Indigenous Society. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/42089
• mkpụrụedemede: Lhomi, Chhing Chippa. & Lhomi, Shangbu. (2010). mkpụrụedemede Lhowa. Kathmandu: Himalayan Indigenous Society. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/42089
• Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu: https://www.webonary.org/lhowa/
• Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu: https://www.webonary.org/lhowa/
• Ilu Lowa: Lowa, N., Lowa, B., & Lowa, P. (2011). धाङबी पेले धेन्दा . ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52871
• Ilu Lowa: Lowa, N., Lowa, B., & Lowa, P. (2011). धाङबी पेले धेन्दा . ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52871
• Abụ Lowa: Lowa, N., Lowa, B., & Lowa, P. (2010). Egwu Omenala Lowa . ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52872
• Abụ Lowa: Lowa, N., Lowa, B., & Lowa, P. (2010). Egwu Omenala Lowa. ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52872
• Usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ: Lhomi, Chhing Chippa. & Lhomi, Shangbu. (2012). Lowa Primer Math . ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52636
• Usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ: Lhomi, Chhing Chippa. & Lhomi, Shangbu. (2012). Lowa Primer Math. ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52636
• Ọmụmụ asụsụ sociolinguistic: Japola, M., Marcuson, L., & Marcuson, M. (2003). Nnyocha Mustang: Ọmụmụ asụsụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke asụsụ dị iche iche metụtara Tibet nke a na-ekwu na Upper Mustang na mpaghara Bahragaun . Akwụkwọ akụkọ nyocha asụsụ 2021.
• Ọmụmụ ihe ụtọ asụsụ: Dhakal, Dubi Nanda. (2017 a). Ihe nrịbama Lowa na Ntụle. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke University Grant Commission 6. 16–28.
• Ọmụmụ ihe ụtọ asụsụ: Dhakal, Dubi Nanda. (2017b). Ihe owuwu na-akpata na Lhomi, Gyalsumdo, Nubri, na Lowa. Gipan 3. 65–82.

fonology

Lhowa bụ asụsụ ngwaa-ikpe-azụ nwere sistemu ikpe kewara ekewa na akara ihe dị iche (animate vs. adịghị ndụ). A na-ejikwa akara nrịbama maka ma ngwa ngwa na nke genitive, na ihe nrịbama ebubo na-eji ma nke dative na ebe. Lhowa na-egosipụta ụzọ ise dị iche iche isi wuo ihe na-akpata ihe: ngwaa labile, mgbakwunye, mgbanwe ọdịdị ọdịdị, mgbanwe ụda olu, na ihe na-akpata mpụta.

(Ekwere omume) fọnịm consonant

Isi mmalite:

Bilabial

Alveolar

Postalveolar

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Plosive

p

b

t

d

ʈ

ɖ

k

g

ʔ

pʰ

tʰ

ʈʰ

kʰ

Nke na-ese okwu

s

(z)

(ʃ)

h

ɦ

Mmekọrịta

t

d ͡z

tʃ

d͡ʒ

atọʰ

tʃʰ

imi

m

n

ɳ

ŋ

Mpịakọta

ɾ

Odika

l

j

w

l̥

r̥

(Ekwe omume) Ụdaume

Isi mmalite:

	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Mechie	i – y/ü	- (ʉ)	- ị
N'etiti etiti	e – ø/ö	- (ɵ)	- o
Oghere dị nso	(æ)
Mepee		a

Nagano depụtara /ä, ü, ö/ dị ka "palatalized" /a, u, o/ n'otu n'otu. Amabeghị nke usoro eji edepụta ekwentị ụdaume ndị a. Ekwentị o yikarịrị ka a na-ezo aka bụ /æ, y, ø/. Nhọrọ dị na mbikọ.