Asụsụ Martuthunira

Martuthunira bụ asụsụ Aboriginal Australia ekpochapụla, nke ahụ bụ asụsụ ọdịnala nke ndị Martuthunira nke Western Australia .

Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ nke Martuthunira, Algy Paterson, nwụrụ na 6 Ọgọst 1995. Site na 1980 ya na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Alan Dench rụkọrọ ọrụ iji chekwaa Martuthunira n'akwụkwọ, ọ bụkwa site n'ọrụ ha ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ọmụma anyị banyere Martuthunira taa si abịa.

Aha

Aha Martuthunira, akpọ site na ndị na-asụ obodo, pụtara "ndị bi na gburugburu Osimiri Fortescue ". O nwere ọtụtụ ụdị mkpoputa, gụnyere: Maratunia, Mardadhunira, Mardathon, Mardathoni, Mardathoonera, Mardatuna, Mardatunera, Mardudhoonera, Mardudhunera, Mardudhunira, Mardudjungara, Marduduna, Mardudunera, Marduthuthanira , Mardudhunira, Martuthinya, na Martuyhunira .

Nhazi

Ahaziri Martuthunira dị ka onye otu ngalaba Ngayarta nke asụsụ Pama–Nyungan . N'okpuru nhazi ọkwa Carl Georg von Brandenstein nke 1967, Martuthunira bụ nkewapụtara dị ka asụsụ Ngayarda Coastal, mana nkewa nke asụsụ Ngayarda n'ime otu Coastal na Inland adịghịzi ewere na ọ dị irè.

fonology

Martuthunira nwere phonology Australia nke ọma. RMW Dixon na-eji ya dị ka ihe atụ atụ n'akwụkwọ ya 2002 Australian Languages: their nature and development .

Consonants

	Mpụta		Laminal		Apical
	Bilabial	Velar	Palatal	eze	Alveolar	Retroflex
Plosive	p	k	c	t̪	t	ʈ
Ihu imi	m	ŋ	ɲ	n̪	n	ɳ
N'akụkụ			ʎ ɟʎ	l̪ ~	l ~	ɭ ~ ɖɭ
Rhotic					r	
Semivowel	w		j

Nkwụsị laminal nwere ụda olu [ ɟ ] n'etiti ụdaume.

N'etiti ụdaume, eze na-akwụsị nwere ike ibu [ d̪ ], [ ð ], [ ð̞ ], [ ɻ ], [ j ], [ w ], ma ọ bụ ọbụna nanị nkwụsịtụ okwu. N'okwu ụfọdụ, a na-eji otu nghọta eme ihe mgbe niile, na ndị ọzọ enwere mgbanwe n'efu .

Ihe nkwụsị nke alveolar nwere ụda olu [ d ] mgbe imi. Ọ na-apụta n'etiti ụdaume naanị n'ime obere okwu ole na ole, ikekwe okwu mgbazinye ego niile, ebe ọ nwere ogologo oge mmechi karịa nkwụsị ndị ọzọ [ tː ] .

Nkwụsị retroflex nwere allophone akpọpụtara [ ɖ ] mgbe imi, yana allophone [ ɽ ] gbachiri agbaja n'etiti ụdaume.

E wezụga ụda olu a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, nkwụsị na-abụkarị enweghị ụda na enweghị mmasị .

Akụkụ akụkụ ahụ nwere allophone kpọbatara mgbe ha na-eme na syllable coda .

Alveolar rhotic bụ mgbata [ ɾ ] n'etiti ụdaume, na trill [ r̥ ] na-enwekarị olu n'ikpeazụ.

Ọkara ụdaume palatal enwere ike ịdaba na mbụ tupu , mana nha nha nke tupu mmalite dị ụkọ.

Udaume

	N'ihu	Azu
Elu	iiː	uuː
Dị ala	aaː

is na-aghọtakarị dị ka [u] n'ime mkpụrụokwu ndị na-akpata nrụgide, yana [ʊ] n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-enweghị mgbakasị ahụ. /u/ na-aga n'ihu ruo ogo dị iche iche mgbe ọ dị nso consonants laminal, ọ bụ ọtụtụfronted [ʉ] when precered by a dental consonant. O nwere allophone na-enweghị okirikiri [ɨ] mgbe /ɻ/ sochiri ya.

na-abụkarị [ʊː], mana a na-eweda ya na [ɔː] mgbe ọ na-ebute consonant eze tupu ya..

na-abụkarị [ɐ] mgbe nrụgide, [ə] mgbe enweghị nchekasị. Na-eso consonant laminal, karịa mgbe eze gachara ọzọ palatals, ọ na-eche ihu n'ihu [ɛ]. Mgbe tupu /w/ wee soro ya na consonant velar, a na-achọpụta dị ka [ɒ].

Ụdị ụda olu

Okwu Martuthunira niile na-amalite n'otu n'ime consonants ndị a, site n'ọtụtụ ruo na obere oge: . Nke a na-agụnye naanị mpụta na laminal nkwụsị, imi, na semivowels. Okwu nwere ike kwụsị n'ụdaume, ma ọ bụ otu n'ime .

Ụtọ asụsụ

Ndozi nkwudo

Ndozi nkwudo. A = isiokwu nke ngwaa transitive; S = isiokwu nke ngwaa intransitive; O = ihe ngwaa transitive.

N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Australia, nke na-egosipụta ergativity, Martuthunira na asụsụ Ngayarta ndị ọzọ nwere nkwekọ ebubo . Ya bụ, a na-emeso ndị okwu ngwaa transitive otu ihe ahụ dị ka ngwa ngwa intransitive, ebe a na-emeso ihe ndị ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche.

Okwu nhọpụta Martuthunira enweghị akara ( efu ). Okwu ebubo, nke sitere na suffix nke nwere akara n'oge mbụ, na-ewere ụdị / na ezigbo nominals ; na aha nkịtị na-ejedebe na imi ( ); na aha nkịtị na-ejedebe na mpụta ma ọ bụ rhotic ( ); na ịgbatị ụdaume maka aha nkịtị na-ejedebe na ụdaume. Okwu ebubo bụ otu ihe gbasara genitive, ma e wezụga maka aha nkịtị na-ejedebe na ụdaume, ebe suffix genitive bụ .

Ikpokọta akpa

Martuthunira na-egosipụta mkpokọ ikpe, ebe aha na-ewere ọtụtụ suffixes maka nkwekọrịta . Ọmụmaatụ:  

• is the object of the verb, and so is in the accusative case.
• gets a proprietive suffix, which indicates that it is possessed by the euro. However, because it modifies , it additionally gets an accusative suffix to agree with it.
• gets a locative suffix, which indicates that it is what the joey is in. It also gets a proprietive suffix to agree with , and then an accusative suffix to agree with .

Ntụaka

• Dench (1995). Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Series C-125. ISBN 0-85883-422-7. 

Njikọ mpụga

• Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke asụsụ Western Australian South nke mpaghara Kimberley - Martuthunira