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Asụsụ Mekéns

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Asụsụ Mekéns
asụsụ, modern language
Obere ụdị nkeAsụsụ Tupari Dezie
Mba/obodoBrazil Dezie
Ụmụ amaala kaRondônia Dezie
Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO4 severely endangered Dezie
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue8a Moribund Dezie
 

 

Mekéns (Mekem), ma ọ bụ Amniapé, bụ asụsụ Tupian nke steeti Rondônia nke dị na mpaghara Amazon nke Brazil .

Enwere otu atọ nke ndị na-ekwu okwu Meken:

  • Sakïrabiát (Sakirabiá, Sakiráp)
  • Koaratira (Guaratira, aka Kanoé - abụghị otu asụsụ Kanoé )
  • Koarategayat (Guaratégaya, Guarategaja, Warategáya)

ndabere

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Asụsụ Mekéns bụ asụsụ ụmụ amaala Brazil nọ n'ihe egwu nke ukwuu nke nwere ogwe asụsụ Tupi, yana nkewa ya dị ka otu n'ime asụsụ ise dị ndụ nke ezinụlọ Tupari. [ 3 ] : 2 Ihe dị ka mmadụ iri abụọ na ise na-asụ a (ibid)  na steeti Rondônia, na mpaghara Amazon nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Brazil, na-agbada ókèala ya na Bolivia gbara agbata obi. Ugbu a, imirikiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ Mekéns bi n'ime ndoputa ụmụ amaala gọọmentị etiti Rio Mequens, nke dị n'ime ime obodo Cerejeira, n'akụkụ ọdụ mmiri Mequens. Ndị bi na ebe nchekwa ahụ na-ezo aka ma asụsụ ha na agbụrụ ha dị ka Sakurabiat (ma ọ bụ Sakirabiat), na-asụgharị n'ụzọ nkịtị dị ka "Ududo-enwe". [ 3 ] : 3 Ndị otu agbụrụ a na-asụ asụsụ a, yana ngụkọta ndị mmadụ 66 (dị ka nke 2003), bi n'ime nchekwa nchekwa (PIB Sociambiental). N'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ enwere ngalaba anọ dị iche iche edekọtara, ya bụ otu Sakirabiat, Guarategayet, Guaratira na Siwkweriat. Agbanyeghi na mbido okwu maka naanị otu olumba, okwu Sakirabiat abụrụla otu aha nke gụnyere ngalaba niile. Enwere ike ịsị na nke a bụ mbelata nke ukwuu nke ndị bi na ha na narị afọ nke 20. : [ ] 3 

Na ndoputa Rio Mequens taa, onye ọ bụla bi n'ime oke na-asụ Portuguese, ma bụrụkwa asụsụ mbụ nke ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya. Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ndị bi na-asụ otu asụsụ na enweghị ike ịsụ Mekén nke ọma. Naanị ihe dị ka mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ nọ na ebe nchekwa na-asụ nke ọma, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ ndị okenye; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na ya maara okwu ndị a na-adị kwa ụbọchị, gụnyere aha anụmanụ na osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị, okwu ndị ikwu, ihe arụpụtara, na arịa ụlọ (PIB Socioambiental). Ụmụntakịrị nọ n'ebe nchekwa anaghị amụ Mekén, nke pụtara na a naghị ebufe asụsụ ] site n'otu ọgbọ gaa n'ọzọ. Nke a bụ ihe na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya maka nnukwu ihe egwu dị n'asụsụ.

Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ mere eme si kwuo, mmiri mmiri Guaporé bụ ebe edere aha nke ndị otu ezinụlọ asụsụ a maara dị ka ezinụlọ Tupi-Tupari. [ 3 ] : 8 Mmekọrịta izizi nke ndị Europe na ụmụ amaala bi n'akụkụ aka nri nke osimiri Guaporé malitere na narị afọ nke 17. [ 3 ] : 10 N'ime narị afọ sochirinụ, ma ndị Portuguese na ndị Spen bi n'ógbè Rondônia nke oge a bụ ndị na-arụrịta ụka n'ókè nke agbata obi ha. N'ọgwụgwụ narị afọ nke 18, ndị ọbịa gbahapụrụ ebe a na mberede, ebe ndị obodo ahụ na-aga n'ihu na nnwere onwe yana mmasị nke ịmanye ókèala colonial belatara nke ukwuu. Mpaghara ahụ tọgbọ chakoo ruo etiti narị afọ nke 19 mgbe ọchịchọ rọba mere ka ndị na-akụ rọba na mpaghara ahụ wee weghachite ọrụ dị ukwuu nke mpaghara ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na ha nwetara nnukwu mfu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ndị Sakurabiat lanarịrị oge ọrụ ndị a, ihe si na ya pụta bụ na mpụrụ iche nke obodo nta ndị dị n'akụkụ aka nri nke osimiri Guaporé. Ebe ha nọ n’isi mmiri dị n’akụkụ ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Guaporé mere ka o siere ha ike ịbanye, ma eleghị anya ọ zọpụtara ìgwè ahụ pụọ n’iyi. : [ ] 10 

Dị ka akụkọ nke ndị Guaratira si kwuo, mmekọrịta mbụ nke ndị Sakurabiat na ndị si mba ọzọ mere na mmalite 1930s, mgbe ndị Europe-Bolivia bi na-agafe osimiri Mequens n'elu mmiri, ruo n'obodo ha. Mwakpo nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ mụbara chọba rọba nke ukwuu wee bute esemokwu n'etiti ndị na-akụ rọba na ndị obodo. A wakporo ala ọdịnala ha wee manye ha ịbanye na ụlọ ọrụ na-akụ rọba. Ọzọkwa, ọrịa na-efe efe gụnyere measles na influenza, nke ndị a na-esi n'èzí wetara gbasaa, na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na puku kwuru puku (n'oge mmalite 1930s na 1940s) na ndị 64 na 1994. [ 3 ] : 11 

Asụsụ Mekéns bụ asụsụ ekewapụtara n'okpuru obere ezinụlọ atọ nke nnukwu ogwe Tupian. N'ịga ala site na nhazi nke ogwe osisi Tupi na-abịa na ezinụlọ Tuparic, Nuklia Tuparic, na Akuntsu-Mekens, nke ikpeazụ nke asụsụ Mekéns bụ. (Glottoblog) Ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ akwụkwọ e nwere n'asụsụ a ọ dịghịkwa grammar mmụta e dere na ya. Ụtọasụsụ nkọwa dịnụ gụnyere akwụkwọ nyocha na akwụkwọ nyocha atọ sochiri ya nke Ana Vilacy Galucio, onye nyocha nwetara PhD na Linguistics na Mahadum Chicago na 2001, yana akwụkwọ edemede ya na asụsụ Mekéns. Ugbu a ọ bụ onye nchọpụta dị elu na onye nhazi nke ngalaba sayensị mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi na Belém, Brazil, na onye nyocha a kpọrọ òkù nke Traces of Contact Project na Mahadum Radboud na Nijmegen, Holland. (Mahadum Radboud, Ònye bụ Anyị?) 

Akwụkwọ edemede ya, nke akpọrọ Morphosyntax of Mekens (Tupi), gụnyere nyocha na data anakọtara site na ọrụ ubi emere na Rio Mequens Indigenous Reservation. Ọ na-agụnye isiakwụkwọ zuru ezu na nhazi asụsụ nke asụsụ, gụnyere ngalaba lexical, morphology inflectional, na usoro nhazi okwu. Enwekwara nkọwa zuru ezu nke syntax Mekéns n'isiakwụkwọ na-esote nke gụnyere ụdị nkebiokwu, yana aha, ngwaa, ntinye okwu, na nkebiokwu adverb. Isi nke ikpeazụ nke akwụkwọ edemede ya lekwasịrị anya na nhazi nke ahịrịokwu, gụnyere nhazi ahịrịokwu, nke dị mkpa na nke ajụjụ ọnụ, nkebiokwu na-abụghị okwu amụma, ahịrịokwu ndị gbagwojuru anya, na nhazi nkebiokwu n'ụzọ doro anya. N'afọ 2002, Galucio dere akwụkwọ sochirinụ nke na-akọwa usoro okwu na usoro ihe mejupụtara ya na Mekéns na, n'afọ 2006, akwụkwọ n'asụsụ Portuguese maka ngbanwe nke asụsụ Sakurabiat (Mekéns). Na 2006, o bipụtara akwụkwọ aha ya bụ Narrativas Tradicionais Sakurabiat (Omenala Sakurabiat Akụkọ) (Museu Goeldi), akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara asụsụ abụọ nwere akụkọ ọdịnala 25 Sakurabiat ma ọ bụ akụkọ, yana ihe atụ nke ụmụaka bi na nchekwa mere. Na nso nso a, na 2011, Galucio bipụtara akwụkwọ ya Nominalization na Mekens Language. N'ime akwụkwọ nyocha a, Galucio na-enyocha "ụdị morphosyntactic dị iche iche na ihe omimi nke ụdị dị iche iche nke deverbal nominalizations na Mekéns", nke ọ na-agba mbọ "ikpughe ihe odide nke asụsụ a" (Nominalization in the Mekens Language, Galucio, 1). [ <span title="A complete citation is needed.

A kọwabeghị asụsụ Sakurabiat n'ọrụ akwụkwọ edepụta asụsụ. Otú ọ dị, dị ka otu isiokwu e bipụtara na Portuguese na 2013 na Museu Goeldi website, e nwere ugbu a akwụkwọ oru ngo na-arụ ọrụ. Edemede a, aha ya bụ Dicionário Sakurabiat (Sakurabiat Dictionary) na-ekwu na Ana Galucio, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Camille Cardoso Miranda, na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Mekéns-Portuguese, dị ka ụzọ ịdebanye aha na idekọ data anakọtara n'aka ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. (Museu Goeldi) Nke a bụ oru ngo na-achọ imeziwanye nkuzi, mmụta, na ichekwa omenala ndị Sakurabiat. Ọzọkwa, enwere ọrụ nke Alana Neves, nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Federal nke Pará na-arụ ugbu a, yana Galucio gbadoro anya, nke chọrọ ịhazi ederede Mekéns dị ugbu a na nchekwa data eletrọnịkị. A na-eji anya na-arụ ọrụ ndị a iji mepụta akwụkwọ ụtọ asụsụ zuru oke n'asụsụ Sakurabiat. Nke a ga-ewepụta akụrụngwa mmụta mmụta nke enwere ike iji mee ka asụsụ Mekén nwee ume ma si otú a chebe ya pụọ na mkpochapụ. (ibid) 

fonology

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Nchịkọta ụda nke na-eme na Mekéns yiri nke asụsụ Tupian ndị ọzọ, gụnyere consonants sitere na usoro ndị a: nkwụsị ụda na enweghị olu, fricatives, liquids, nasals and glides (21). Enwere consonants 15 na mkpokọta, nwere nkwụsị ụda 5, 2 nkwụsị enweghị olu, 1 fricative, 1 mmiri mmiri, imi 4, na glides 2.

Tebụl 1: Ndepụta ekwentị nke Consonants
labial coronal palatal velar labiovelar glottal
imi m n ŋ ŋʷ
na-akwụsị voiceless p t k kʷ (?)
voiced b -  g -
esemokwu s
mmiri mmiri ɾ
ije j

N'ihe gbasara usoro ụda olu na Mekéns, ọ nwere ụdaume ise n'ozuzu ya, nwere ọdịiche pụtara ìhè n'etiti ụdaume imi na nke ọnụ, yana n'etiti ụdaume mkpụmkpụ na ogologo. Tebụlụ na-esote na-egosipụta ọdịiche ndị a na ụdaume.

Tebụl 2: Ndepụta ụdaume nke ụdaume
Ọnụ ọnụ Ihu imi
Nkenke Ogologo Nkenke Ogologo
Elu i ɨ iː ɨː ĩ ɨ̃ ĩː ɨ̃ː
N'etiti e o eː oː ẽ õ ẽː õː
Dị ala a aː ã ãː

  

Ọtụtụ

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A na-enweta ọtụtụ n'ime Mekéns site na itinye morpheme na aha, nnọchiaha, ngwaa na inyeaka. morpheme na mkpokọta clitic “-iat” bụ morpheme nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'asụsụ ahụ, na-ejikọta ya na ngalaba nkọwa okwu niile dị n'elu, ma e wezụga ngwaa, nke a na-ejikọta "-kwa". Enwere ike iji morpheme “-iat” gosi ọtụtụ n'ụdị ọkọlọtọ ma ọ bụ mkpokọta. Nke a bụ ikwu, n'echiche ọkọlọtọ ọ na-egosi ihe karịrị otu ihe ma ọ bụ ihe dị n'otu ụdị, na n'echiche mkpokọta ọ na-egosi ọtụtụ ihe ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya ma ọ bụ dị iche iche, bụ ndị na-ejikọta ọnụ. [ 3 ] : 29 Echiche nke ikpeazụ bụ nke a na-ahụkarị n'ime ha abụọ, n'ihi na ụdị nke ọnụọgụgụ (ie plural vs. singular) abụghị ihe dị iche na Mekéns. [ 3 ] : 94 

A na-ejikọta morpheme “-iat” na aha, nke mebere klaasị mepere emepe na enwere ike ịkọwapụta ya maka ụdị ọnụọgụgụ nke ọnụọgụgụ (Galucio: 2001, 29). Enweghị ikpe, klaasị ma ọ bụ akara okike metụtara aha. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọdịiche dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ: enwere ike ịkanye aha dị ka otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ. Aha otu, nke mebere ikpe ndabara, enweghị akara. Akara aha otutu akara site na mkpokọta clitic “-iat”. Enwere ike ịhapụ akara ọtụtụ ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ya na ihe ndị ọzọ na nkebiokwu, dị ka ngwaa ma ọ bụ ngosi. Ụdị mkpokọta ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ n'ime aha ka akara n'aka nri nke nkebi okwu aha na n'ihu clitics ndị ọzọ. Mgbe a gbanwere aha site n'otu mkpụrụ okwu ma ọ bụ karịa, a na-etinyekarị akara nrịbama n'aka nri nke stem adjective ikpeazụ, mgbe aha (hụ na ihe atụ 1A na B). Enwere ike ịtinye ya n'aka nri nke stem adjective nke mbụ mgbe aha (hụrụ na ihe atụ 1D), na mgbe ụfọdụ enwere ike itinye ya ozugbo na aha ahụ, n'ihu ọnụ okwu adjective (hụrụ na ọmụmaatụ 1E). Mkpokọta morpheme dị n'efu karịa affixes ndị ọzọ na Mekéns, ebe ọ bụ na oke ya karịrị naanị otu ụwa. [ 3 ] : 95 Ya mere, ọ dị mma ịtụle morpheme mkpokọta a dị ka ihe mgbanwe nke nkebiokwu Noun, dị ka mkpọmkpọ okwu nbigharị n'asụsụ a. Ọmụmaatụ 1E na 1F na-egosi oke ya na nkebiokwu aha niile. N'akụkụ a, ọ na-ezo aka na otu ụmụ nwoke na-abụghị ndị India na-eto eto, na ihe atụ b, ọ na-ezo aka na otu "ụmụ okorobịa ojii na-abụghị ndị India", ọ bụghị nanị na "ụmụ okorobịa ojii".       N'ụdị plural nke abụọ nkeonwe, nke atọ na nke atọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'otu n'otu, nnochiaha onwe onye ka ejiri mkpokọta clitic "-iat" akara. [ 3 ] : 38 Isiokwu 1 na-egosi iji morpheme n'ụdị dị n'elu. Rịba ama na ụdaume “i” na-agbanwe na “y”, mgbe etinyere ya na nnọchiaha nkeonwe.

Tebụl 1 - mkpokọta mkpokọta na nnọchiaha nkeonwe
Aha aha nkeonwe
2nd-onye plural eyat
3rd-onwe otutu teyat
3rd-onye co-referential plural setịt

N'ime ngwaa, enwere ike ịka otutu otutu n'ụzọ abụọ - ma ọ bụ site na itinye ntinye nke otutu suffix "-kwa", ma ọ bụ site na ngbanwe azuokokoosisi. [ 3 ] : 54 N'ịmaatụ 2A, a na-ejikọta "-kwa" suffix na ngwaa iji gosi ogbugbu nke ihe karịrị otu onye. Na ngbanwe azuokokoosisi, "a na-eji otu ngwaa mee otu arụmụka, na ngwaa dị iche ka a na-eji maka arụmụka ọtụtụ". [ 3 ] : 55 E gosipụtara nke a n'ihe atụ 2B.    Site na ndị inyeaka, a na-egosipụta ọtụtụ arụmụka ha na clitic "-iat". N'ihe atụ 3A na 3B, ọtụtụ mmadụ nke atọ pụtara, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ihe gosiri na mmadụ gachara okwu inyeaka-ọtụtụ. [ 3 ] : 60 Mgbe enweghị akara maka onye n'ime ngwaa transitive, nke a na-egosi onye nke atọ. Ọzọkwa, dị ka a hụrụ na ọmụmaatụ 3B, mgbe ihe nrịbama ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ pụtara ìhè dị, prefix nkeonwe nke atọ na-ewere ntụaka ọtụtụ. [ 3 ] : 61 Na ọmụmaatụ 3C, enweghị akara nke mmadụ na ngwaa okwu ma ọ bụ inyeaka; A na-egosi onye / ọnụ ọgụgụ nke arụmụka ahụ naanị site na iji morpheme "-iat", nke a na-agbakwunye na inyeaka. Ya mere a tụgharịrị ahịrịokwu ahụ dị ka onye nke atọ nwere ọtụtụ isiokwu. N'ịga na ihe atụ 3D, ahịrịokwu ahụ nwere isiokwu ọtụtụ mmadụ nke mbụ, nke a na-ahụ ka morpheme "-iat" gasịrị.     

Ntụaka

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3C: onye nke atọ bụ isi ha: ụdaume ụdaume VERBLZR:verbalizer NMLZR:nominalizer ADJZR:adjectivizer RESUM:resumptive INTRVZR:intransitivizer

Akwụkwọ akụkọ

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Njikọ mpụga

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