Asụsụ Menominee
Menominee / m ɪˈnɒmɪniː / mih- NOM - ih - mih-, sụkwara Menomini (N'asụsụ Menominee: omǣqnomenēweqnæsewen ) bụ asụsụ Algonquian nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ndị Menominee na-asụ ugbu a n'ebe ugwu Wisconsin na United States. Agbụrụ gọọmenti etiti amatala na-agba mbọ ịgba ume mweghachi nke asụsụ site na klaasị kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na mpaghara yana mmekorita ha na mahadum. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọma bụ ndị agadi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ na-eji Bekee dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha.
Aha ebo ahụ, na asụsụ ahụ, sitere na Oma͞eqnomenew, sitere na okwu maka ' osikapa ọhịa '. Ndị agbụrụ ahụ achịkọtala ma na-akọ nri obodo a dị ka isi ihe maka puku afọ. Ndị Ojibwa, ndị agbata obi ha n'ebe ugwu bụ otu n'ime ndị Anishinaabe ma na-asụkwa asụsụ Algonquian, na-ejikwa okwu a maka ha.
Isi njirimara Menominee, ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ Algonquian ndị ọzọ, bụ ojiji ọ na-eji ụdaume ihu dị ala /æ/ n'ọtụtụ ebe., morphology ya bara ụba, na lexicon ya. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta (ọkachasị Bloomfield na Sapir ) ekewapụtala ya dị ka asụsụ Central Algonquian dabere na phonology ya.
Ezi isi mmalite nke ozi gbasara agbụrụ Menominee na asụsụ ha gụnyere nchịkọta ederede asụsụ abụọ nke Leonard Bloomfield nke 1928, ụtọ asụsụ 1962 ya (atụlere ihe ọmụmụ dị ịrịba ama), na ọrụ Skinner nke mbụ.
Mgbalị ojiji na ume ọhụrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Menominee bụ asụsụ dị n'ihe egwu dị ukwuu, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ole na ole na-asụ asụsụ nke ọma ka fọdụrụ. Dị ka akụkọ 1997 sitere n'aka Menominee Historic Preservation Office si kwuo, mmadụ 39 na-asụ Menominee dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha, ndị niile bụ ndị agadi; 26 na-asụ ya dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ ha; na 65 ndị ọzọ amụtala ụfọdụ n'ime ya maka ebumnuche ịghọta asụsụ ahụ na/ma ọ bụ ịkụziri ya ndị ọzọ. [1]
Ndị Menominee Mba hiwere Kọmishọna Asụsụ & Omenala Menominee iji kwalite iji asụsụ a na-aga n'ihu. [2] Na narị afọ nke 21st, ndị bi na Menominee na Keshena enweela klaasị kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ maka ndị na-amụ afọ niile, ma soro ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ sitere na Mahadum Wisconsin–Madison rụkọọ ọrụ idekọ asụsụ na ịzụlite usoro ọmụmụ na ihe mmụta. [3] [4] [5] Atumatu akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Menominee, [6] nke Monica Macaulay na-edu, emela ka ebipụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ nke asụsụ ahụ iji kwado mbọ ntulite. [7]
Na 1977, Menominee High School, tọrọ ntọala mgbe "ndị India nke Menominee ndoputa kewapụrụ na Shawano -Gresham School District imeghe nke ha," malitere inye Menominee asụsụ, ịgbà, na ịgba egwu agbụrụ na mgbakwunye na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ ya. [8] [9]
Klas n'asụsụ Menominee dị na mpaghara na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ọkwa ndị okenye, [10] [11] na na College of Menominee Nation na Mahadum Wisconsin–Green Bay . [12] [13]
N'afọ 2012, Diocese Katọlik nke Green Bay nyere mgbaghara maka "nwa akwụkwọ nke asaa nke a tara ahụhụ mgbe o ji asụsụ Menominee ya mee ihe na klas" na Shawano, Wisconsin . [14] [15]
Dị ka nke 2013, e nwere "mmadụ isii ma ọ bụ asaa ... nwere ike ịkparịta ụka n'asụsụ," dị ka otu isiokwu dị na Menominee Place Names Map, ọrụ nkwado na Mahadum Wisconsin–Stevens Point . [16]
- /t/ is postdental.
- The unvoiced sibilant /s/ can range between [s] and [ʃ].
- /h/ and /ʔ/ do not appear initially, except sometimes as the on-glide of a vowel. Final /h/ after /i/ is sometimes dropped and sometimes replaced with /j/, as in pih 'paddle'.
Consonants, gụnyere imi, na-agbaji n'ihu ụdaume ihu na labialized n'ihu ụdaume azụ.
Menominee anaghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti nkwụsị olu na enweghị olu yana ụda sitere na ụdaume na-esote nwere ike ịtọ ya tupu mmeghe agwụchaa.
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nkenke | ogologo | nkenke | nkenke | ogologo | |
| Mechie | i ⟨ ⟩ | iː ⟨ ī ⟩ | u ⟨ ⟩ | uː ⟨ ⟩ | |
| N'etiti | ɪ ~ e ⟨ e ⟩ | eː ⟨ ē ⟩ | ( ə ⟨ ⟩ ) | o ⟨ ⟩ | oː ⟨ o ⟩ |
| Mepee | ɪ ~ ɛ ~ æ ⟨ ae ⟩ | ɛː ~ æː ⟨ a͞e ⟩ | a ⟨ ⟩ | aː ⟨ ⟩ | |
| Ogologo | Nkenke |
|---|---|
| ia ⟨ iya ⟩ | ja ⟨ ya ⟩ |
| ua ⟨⟩ | wa ⟨ ⟩ |
- /æː/ ma ọ bụ /ɛː/ A na-edobe ya ma ọ bụrụ na syllable bu ụzọ nwere ụdaume azụ ma ọ bụ mgbe consonant palatalized sochiri ya. Otú ahụ ka ọ dịkwa maka /eː/
- Nkenke /æ/ /ɛ/ na-emeghe karịsịa mgbe a chọtara tupu ⟨ h ⟩ na ⟨ ⟩ .
- /o/ na-agbatị ogologo oge tupu /w/ .
- /ia/ na /ua/ a na-emeso ya dị ka ụdaume ogologo na ọrụ nke nrụgide. Ha dị iche na /ja/ na /wa/ . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, uah ('ọ na-eji ya') dị iche na wāh ('akwa azụ'). Ikpeazụ /w/ mgbe /i/ na-aghọ nke mbụ bibial. Mkpụrụokwu /wa/ nwere ike ịgbanwe na /o/ maka ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu.
- /ɪ~æ~ɛ/ & æː~ɛː/, nke a na-edekarị ⟨ae a͞e⟩, nwekwara ike dee dị ka ⟨æ ǣ⟩
A na-etinye ụdaume n'imi ntakịrị tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe /m/ ma ọ bụ /n/ .
Nhazi okwu na nrụgide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro mkpụrụokwu na Menominee na-abụkarị VC(C) ma ọ bụ C (C) VC(C); syllable anaghị akwụsị na ụdaume. Consonant ọ bụla nwere ike ịmalite ma ọ bụ mechie syllable ma e wezụga ⟨ h ⟩ na ⟨ ⟩ . Naanị ụyọkọ nke nwere ike ime na njedebe nke syllable bụ ⟨ ⟩ na ⟨ ⟩ . Naanị ụyọkọ nke nwere ike ịmalite syllable bụ ⟨ ⟩ .
Nchegbu nke mbụ na-apụta na ụdaume ma ọ bụ diphthong ogologo ọ bụla nke dị na syllable na-esote ruo ikpeazụ nke okwu. A na-ewere ọtụtụ ogige na ụdị mgbanwe dị ka otu okwu na-enye nrụgide. Nchekasị echiche na-abịa na syllable ikpeazụ.
Mgbapụta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ahịrịokwu ajụjụ nke na-eji okwu ajụjụ, a na-enwe ịrị elu ma na-ada ụda n'akụkụ mmalite na nkwụsị na njedebe. Na ee– mba ajụjụ, enwere ịrị elu dị nkọ na ụda na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu ahụ. Mgbanwe nke pitch maka ikwupụta mkpu, nhota okwu, wdg bụ n'ozuzu ka a na-akpọkarị Menominee karịa n'asụsụ Bekee.
Ụtọ asụsụ - izugbe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkeji lexical
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Bloomfield na-ekwu na e nwere ngalaba ise dị oke mkpa na Menominee: aha, nnọchiaha, negator, ngwaa, na urughuru. Aha aha, nnochiaha, ndị negators na ngwaa niile na-ewere mgbanwe ebe ụmụ irighiri ihe anaghị ebu morphology ọ bụla. [ 22 ]
Nkwekọrịta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkwekọrịta morphology na Menominee nwere ike ịbụ ngwakọta, dịka animacy na nọmba (aha), ka egosiri n'ime otu mgbakwunye ahụ.
Animacy
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ekewa aha niile n'ime ụzọ abụọ a na-atụgharị ya maka ịdị ndụ ma bụrụ nkewa ya dị ka ihe dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị ndụ. Animacy na Menominee bụ ihe nrụpụta grammatical maka nhazi aha na ọ bụghị ngosipụta nke ọkwa aha ahụ dị ka "dị ndụ" ma ọ bụ "adịghị ndụ." Ya mere, ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ na-adị ndụ n'usoro ọmụmụ.
Nọmba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aha niile ka achọrọ ka emegharịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ ọtụtụ. Aha ndị bụ otu enweghị akara. [ 22 ]
Onye na-akara akara
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Menominee nwere grammatical mmadụ anọ: nke mbụ, nke abụọ, nke atọ, na enweghị ngwụcha. [ 23 ]
Grammar - aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]morphology nkwekọrịta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ekewa klas aha aha na-adabere na ụtọ asụsụ n'ụdị abụọ: ndụ ndụ na nke na-adịghị ndụ. Na mgbakwunye, aha niile ga-enwerịrị akara maka ọtụtụ. Nkwekọrịta ọtụtụ bụ suffixes na-ejikọta na aha ị ga. Ụdị otu enweghị akara (nke efu morpheme ∅ nọchiri anya ya) na plural nwere ụdị abụọ, dịka egosiri na tebụl dị n'okpuru. [ 22 ]
| Adịghị ndụ | Animate | |
|---|---|---|
| Otu | - ∅ | |
| Ọtụtụ | -an | -ak |
A na-ejikọta suffixes ndị a ozugbo na isi okwu ma ọ bụ na isiokwu nwere. Ọmụmaatụ ndị dị n'okpuru na-egosi ngbanwe dị iche iche na nke dị iche iche nke ma aha ndụ na nke na-adịghị ndụ: [ 24 ]
| Isi | Otu | Ọtụtụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adịghị ndụ | we:kewam- ' | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). → we:kewam | we:kewam-an → we:kewaman |
| wa:wanw- ' | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). → wa:wan | wa:wanw-an → wa:wanon | |
| Animate | ɛnɛ:niw- ' | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). → enɛ:niw | enɛ:niw-ak → enɛ:niwak |
| mɛtɛmohs- ' | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). → metɛ:moh | metɛ:mohs-ak → metɛ:mohsak |
Enwere prefixes anọ nke ejiri megharịa aha na nnochiaha onwe onye:
- Onye nke 1: nɛ-
- Onye nke abụọ: kɛ- (a na-ejikwa ya maka ọtụtụ mmadụ 1 gụnyere)
- Onye nke atọ: o-
- ebighi ebi: mɛ-
Ụfọdụ aha na-apụta naanị n'ụdị nwere, na-ezo aka na akụkụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị ikwu, dị ka okiːqsemaw, 'Nwa nwoke'; kese:t, 'ụkwụ gị (s.)'; mese:t, 'ụkwụ onye'. A na-eji mgbakwunye ndị a gosi ihe onwunwe (dịka neme:h 'Nwannem nwanyi nke-okenye'; neta:qsɛnem, 'nkume m'). A na-ejikwa ha na ntụgharị ngwaa iji gosi onye na-eme ihe nkiri.
Nnọchiaha onwe onye nke prefixes ndị a hibere bụ ndị a:
| Otu | Ọtụtụ | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | nenah- 'M' | nenaq- '(naanị) anyị' |
| kenaq- '(gụnyere) anyị' | ||
| Nke abụọ | kenah- 'Ị' | kenuaq- 'Ị (ọtụtụ)' |
| Nke atọ | wenah- 'ọ / ya / ya' | wenuaq- 'ha' |
A na-atụgharị aha na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ aha niile maka otu na ọtụtụ. Ụfọdụ aha na-apụta naanị dị ka otu, na-egosipụtakarị mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ a na-apụghị ịgụta ọnụ (dịka kahpeːh, 'kọfị'). A na-ejikarị otu ahụ eme ihe maka ihe nnọchite anya, eg ɛːsespemaːteset omɛːqnomeneːw, 'Ụzọ ndị Menomini si ebi'.
Enwere ike ịtụgharị aha maka mpaghara:
- weːkewam, 'house'
- weːkewameh, 'in a house'
- yoːm, 'this'
- yoːs, 'right here'
Enwere ike ịmepụta mbelata site na aha ọ bụla site na suffixing -æshs .
Agent nouns (ie, nouns na pụtara onye na-eme omume nke ngwaa, dị ka onye ọrụ si ọrụ, talker from talk, in English) bụ otu onye nke atọ mebere ngwaa. Yabụ,
- anohkiːw, 'he works' or 'worker'
- moːhkotaːqsow, 'he whittles' or 'carpenter'
Grammar – ngwaa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Menominee na-egosiputa ntụaka ntụgharị uche. A na-atụgharị aha, ngwaa na ihe dị iche iche iji kwekọrịta na okike, mmadụ, na ọnụọgụ nke onye nwe ha, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ngwaa transitive, n'otu n'otu.
Ngwaa ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-emekarị n'ụdị abụọ: otu maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, nke ọzọ maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-adịghị ndụ:
- paːpɛhcen, 'he falls'
- paːpɛhnɛn, 'it falls'
Enwere ike iji ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị ndụ. Ngwaa ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ntụaka ntụgharị uche na isiokwu ha na ihe ahụ. Otu ụdị ngwaa dị maka ihe dị ndụ na nke ọzọ maka ihe na-adịghị ndụ:
- koqnɛw, 'he fears him'
- koqtam, 'he fears it'
Ngwaa ndị na-abụghị nke onwe na-apụta n'enweghị onye omere a na-amata ya na n'otu ngbanwe:
- kɛqsiw, 'it is cold'
- kemeːwan, 'it is raining'
Onye negator kan na-ebute ụzọ ngwaa: kan kemeːwanon, 'ezoghị ezo'. Onye negator na-atụgharịkwa maka ụfọdụ ihe ngbanwe nke modal: kasaq kemeːwanon, ' gịnị mere, mmiri adịghịzi ezo! ' Enwere ike iji naanị ya zaa ee-ọ dịghị ajụjụ. The urughuru poːn a na-eji ewepụ ihe ndị dị mkpa: poːn kasɛːhkehseh, 'Adịla akaha akaha'.
Bloomfield na-akọwapụta ụzọ ise nke ngwaa dị na Menominee, nke na-egosipụta na ngwaa, negator, nnọchiaha nkeonwe na ngosipụta, na ngwaa inyeaka:
- Ngosi: piːw 'Ọ na-abịa'
Ihe na-egosi na-ekwu okwu. N'ọtụtụ mmadụ nke mbụ, a na-eji ya dị ka ihe mgbochi (onye mbụ plural dị mkpa: kenawmaːciaq, 'ka anyị malite'
- Nkọwapụta: piːwen, 'a na-ekwu na ọ na-abịa'
- Nhota ahụ na-ejedebe na -en a na-ejikwa ya mgbe ọkà okwu na-ekwu ihe a mụtara n'aka onye ọzọ ma ọ bụ site na nrọ ma ọ bụ ọhụụ. Ọ bụ ụdị eji eme akụkọ ọdịnala.
- Ajuju: piːq, 'Ọ na-abịa?'
- A na-eji ajụjụ ajụjụ ee-ọ dịghị ajụjụ.
- Ugbu a: piasah 'Ya mere ọ na-abịa'
- Ụdị dị ugbu a, na-agwụcha na -esa ma ọ bụ -sa, na-etinye aka na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ihe omume ahụ na-eme n'oge a, n'adịghị ka oge gara aga ma ọ bụ dị iche na atụmanya.
- Preterit: piapah, 'Ọ na-abịabu'
- The preterit, na-agwụcha na -epa ma ọ bụ -pa, na-etinye aka na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ihe omume ahụ mere n'oge gara aga, n'adịghị ka ugbu a ma ọ bụ dị iche na atụmanya.
Ezinụlọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Menominee bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Algonquian, nke bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ buru ibu nke asụsụ Algic . Goddard (1996) na Mithun (1999) kewaa ya na Central na Plains Algonquian asụsụ yana asụsụ dị ka Blackfoot, Arapaho, Cheyenne, asụsụ Cree, na Eastern Great Lakes asụsụ dị ka Ojibwe .
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]bụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ
- ↑ Hoffman. Menominee Place Names In Wisconsin. The Menominee Clans Story. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ Language and Culture. Menominee Indian Tribe Of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 2015-05-09. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ News release: Professor documents endangered Menominee language. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from the original on 2015-05-09. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ Pervos (2002-10-05). "Wisconsin Tribal Languages in Danger of Dying Out". Canku Ota (71). Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ Caldwell (2000). "The Current Status of the Menominee Language". Papers of the 31st Conference on Algonquian Languages: 18–29.
- ↑ NSF Award Search: Award # 0235873 - A Menominee-English/English-Menominee Dictionary. www.nsf.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved on 2023-05-24.
- ↑ History: Menominee (en-US). Multilingualism and Education in Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.
- ↑ O'Meara. "Learning Language, Crafts Instills Pride in Students : Reservation Schools Keep Indian Tribe's Culture Alive", Los Angeles Times, 1986-02-02. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ Revitalizing the Menominee Language. Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Culture (2003). Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ Jones (2009-03-07). Menominee tribe makes effort to keep language alive. Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ Jagannathan. "Menominee language finds new life in schools", Canku Ota, 2008-12-01. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ College of Menominee Nation – Native American College, Tribal College, Wisconsin – Come join us!. Archived from the original on 2013-09-01. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ "UW-Green Bay to offer Menominee language course for students, community", UW-Green Bay Inside, 2012-08-22. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ Associated Press. "Green Bay diocese apologizes to student punished for using native Menominee language", TwinCities.com, 2012-02-28. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ Rickert (2012-02-03). Menominee 7th Grader Suspended for Saying I Love You in Native Language. NativeNewsNetwork. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ↑ Vine. "Map project promotes tribal history", Appleton Post-Crescent, 2013-08-25. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
Akpọrọ ọrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Bloomfield (1962). The Menomini language. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Wisconsin Tribal Languages in Danger of Dying Out[usurped]
- Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin Language & Culture Commission
- Native Languages of the Americas: Menominee
- Menominee Language Lessons
- The Meaning of the Menominee Myth of the Flood--in Relation to People Today
- Hoffman. Menominee Place Names In Wisconsin. The Menominee Clans Story.
- Oxford (2016). "Menominee vowel harmony revisited: A height-based underspecification account". Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics 35, ed. By Joanna Chociej et Al. 35.