Asụsụ Mono-Alu
Mono, ma ọ bụ Alu, bụ asụsụ Oceanic nke Solomon Islands kọrọ na ndị 660 na-asụ na Treasury Island (Mono proper), 2,270 na Shortland Island (olumba Alu), na 14 na Fauro Island na 1999.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụọla asụsụ Mono-Alu nke ukwuu site n'aka Joel L. Fagan, [1] onye nyocha maka Ngalaba Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies na Mahadum Mba Australia . Edemede ya, "A Grammatical Analysis of Mono-Alu (Bougainville Straits, Solomon Islands)," [2] bụ otu n'ime ntụgharị asụsụ na naanị nyocha nke asụsụ Mono-Alu.
Fagan kwuru na asụsụ Mono-Alu nwere fọnịm iri abụọ na asatọ . Ha bụ diphthong itoolu, ụdaume ise na consonants iri na anọ mebere mkpụrụ akwụkwọ .
Mkpụrụedemede Alu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Mkpụrụedemede Alu nwere mkpụrụedemede iri na itoolu: A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U na V.
- N'ime mkpụrụedemede ndị a, a na-ejikarị D eme ihe kama R maka euphony, mana ejiri ya ugbu a n'okwu ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ aha mba ọzọ ewepụtara n'asụsụ ahụ.
- F nwere ike dochie H mgbe ụfọdụ.
Ịkpọ okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ịkpọ ụdaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- A na-akpọkarị 'a' dị ka ọ dị larịị
- A na-akpọ 'a' mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ngwa ngwa
- 'e' ka a na-akpọkarị na iri
- A na-akpọ 'i' mgbe niile dị ka na tin
- A na-akpọ 'o' mgbe niile ka ọ bụghị
- A na-akpọ 'u' mgbe niile ka etinyere ya
Mkpọpụta nke diphthongs
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- a na-akpọ ai “aye” – eg Galeai .
- mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ mkpụrụedemede iche iche
- ei enweghị ụda dakọtara na bekee.
- a na-akpọ oi "oy" - eg ba-oi ('akụm').
- mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ mkpụrụedemede iche iche. - eg o-i-sa ('echo').
- ui ejiri mee diphthong - eg sui-o ('swallow')
- eji iche - eg ku-i ('nwa') ma ewezuga
Mkpọkpọ consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- a na-akpọ g mgbe niile ka ọ dị na glass, giddy . A naghị eji Q dị ka a na-eme ebe ọzọ. N'ebe a kwa, edere okwu ndị a ka [ ]dịka ang (kama ag ), ing, ong, ung . Mgbe, iche, n na-eso g dị ka ọ dị na gnora, n'ihi ịkpọpụta imi, a na-emesi n'ike n'ihe dị ka Choiseul .
- a na-akpọ ng dị ka n'asụsụ bekee ewezuga uhg, ụda gị mgbe niile ịbụ nke Latin.
- ang na-akpọ dị ka òtù
- ing akpọpụtara dị ka 'mgbanaka'
- eng akpọpụtara dị ka 'ogologo'
- ong akpọpụtara dị ka 'ezighị ezi'
Consonants ndị ọzọ nwere otu ụda dị na bekee.
| Labial | Coronal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| imi | m | n | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p b | t | k g | ʔ |
| Nke na-ese okwu | s | h | ||
| Kpatụ | ɾ | |||
| Odika | ( w ) | l | ( j ) |
- /b/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka fricatives [β, v] n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.
- Enwere ike ịnụ /ɡ/ dị ka [ɣ] na mgbanwe n'efu.
- /ɾ/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka [d] na mgbanwe n'efu n'ime ọnọdụ mmalite okwu, ma ọ bụ dị ka [dɾ] mgbe ị na-eso imi.
| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elu | i | u | |
| N'etiti | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Dị ala | ɐ |
Ọnụọgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro ọnụọgụ nke Mono-Alu yiri asụsụ Austronesia ndị ọzọ. [4] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Mono-Alu na-ekerịta ọnụọgụ 'abụọ' ( elua ) na 'ise' ( lima ) na asụsụ Hawai . Nọmba maka 'efu' dị n'asụsụ ahụ, mana ọ nọ n'otu okwu ahụ 'ọ dịghị ihe.' Fagan chọpụtara ọnụọgụgụ site na otu ruo puku iri na Mono-Alu.
| Cardinal | English |
|---|---|
| Menna | nothing |
| Kala (or elea) | one |
| Elua | two |
| Episa | three |
| Ehati | four |
| Lima | five |
| Onomo | six |
| Hitu | seven |
| Alu | eight |
| Ulia | nine |
| Lafulu | ten |
| Lafulu rohona elea | eleven |
| Lafulu rohona elua | twelve |
| Lafulu rohona episa | thirteen |
| Lafulu rohona efati | fourteen |
| Lafulu rohona lima | fifteen |
| Lafulu rohona onomo | sixteen |
| Lafulu rohona hitu | seventeen |
| Lafulu rohona alu | eighteen |
| Lafulu rohona ulia | nineteen |
| Elua lafulu (or Tanaoge) | twenty |
| Episa lafulu (or Pisafulu) | thirty |
| Efati lafulu (or Fatiafulu) | forty |
| Lima lafulu (or limafulu) | fifty |
| Onomo lafulu | sixty |
| Fitu lafulu | seventy |
| Alu lafulu | eighty |
| Ulia lafulu (or Siafulu) | ninety |
| Ea latuu | one-hundred |
| Elua latuu | two-hundred |
| Ea kokolei | one-thousand |
| Elua kokolei | two-thousand |
| Lafulu kokolei | ten-thousand |
| Aha aha | Obj | Suffix | Ndị ọzọ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st onye |
otu | mafa | -afa | -gu | sagu | |
| otutu | nanị | mani | -ami | -mang, -ma | samang/sama | |
| na-agụnye | maita | -ita | -ra | sara | ||
| Nke abụọ onye |
otu | maito | -o | -ng | sang | |
| otutu | maang | -ang | -mia | samia | ||
| Nke atọ onye |
otu | --- | -i, -ng | -na | sana | |
| otutu | --- | -ri, -iri | -ria | saria | ||
Mgbakwunye
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mono-Alu bụ kpọmkwem gbasara adverbs na ngwaa ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike iji prefix, infix, na suffix gbanwee ngwaa.
| Prefixes | Infixes | Suffixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ang | prefix ikwu, ụzọ ọzọ an, ai, a'nta | fa | infix na-egosi mmecha | ai | ebe a, pụọ |
| fa | prefix na-akpata, fa na-aghọ f tupu a, ọzọ ụdị ha | fang | otu ibe ya (infix reciprocal), fan ụdị ọzọ | ma | ebea, ebe ahu, uzo ozo ama |
| ta | infix ma ọ bụ prefix na-egosi omume ma ọ bụ steeti. | fero | n'ebe ọzọ, gaa n'ebe ọzọ | ||
| isa | ọnụ, n'otu oge ahụ, ọzọ sa | ||||
| male | ọzọ (na-emekwa onwe ya) | ||||
| mea | na-eme ka a otutu | ||||
| meka | ruo ike gwụrụ, ruo ogologo oge, ọzọ ụdị meko |
| a | place where or whither, alternate form ang occurs after a |
| ng | added to the first of two names gives the meaning 'and', alternate form m |
| ua | denotes addition, 'and', 'with' |
| -a | 'of', especially before -ang, alternate forms an, ang, aan |
| afa- | 'what?' |
| -ata | often found after verbs and other words, alternate forms eta, ita, ota, uta |
| ga | particle, most often after the first word in a sentence, untranslatable; 'so, therefore' at the beginning of a sentence, also used with pronoun forms to emphasise them: gafa, gami, gai, gaina, gang, etc. |
| -nana | equivalent to copula, alternate form nina |
| -titi | strengthens the idea of repetition or duration |
Ụdị ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ụzọ abụọ esi egosipụta ọdịiche dị na grammatical okike :
- Site n'okwu dị iche iche: - eg
- Tiong 'mmadụ' - Betafa 'nwanyị'
- Fanua 'ndị ikom' - Talaiva 'ụmụ nwanyị'
- Lalaafa 'headman' - Mamaefa 'onye isi'
- Tua-na 'nna nna ya' - Tete-na 'nne nne ya'
- Kanega 'ochie nwoke' (di) - Magota 'agadi nwanyi' (nwunye)
- Site na iji ord na-egosi mmekọahụ: – eg
- Kui manuale 'nwa' (nwoke) - Kui batafa 'nwa' (nwanyị)
- Boo sule 'boar' - Boo tuaru 'akụ' ( sule na tuaru a na-eji maka anụmanụ naanị)
N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, ọ dịghị ihe dị iche n'etiti nwoke, nwanyị na neuter.
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Achọpụtala ụfọdụ ihe dị n'ime iwu Mono-Alu. [5]
adverbs abụọ nke ebe, kama iji consonant abuo dee, ka e ji otu na-emesi ike dee ya.
- eg Nai (kama NNai ) - 'Ebe a'
- 'Nao (kama NNao ) - 'Ebe ahụ'
Kama aspirate h, enwere ike iji leta f :
- n'ime ngwaa bu ihe kpatara ha (ma ọ bụ fa )
- eg fasoku (ma ọ bụ hasoku ) - 'ka bịa'
- na ngwaa nke prefix han bu ụzọ (ma ọ bụ fan ) nke pụtara mmekọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ abụọ
- eg fanua (ma ọ bụ hanua ) - 'mon'
- mafa (ma ọ bụ maha ) - 'M, mba' [2]
Akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enweghị akụkọ doro anya na Alu. Nọmba elea A na-eji ('otu') dị ka akụkọ na-enweghị njedebe. [2]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ A Short grammar of the Alu language.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Fagan (1986). A Grammatical Analysis of Mono-Alu (Bougainville Straits, Solomon Islands). Canberra, Australia: The Australian National University. DOI:10.15144/PL-B96. ISBN 0-85883-339-5. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Meier (2020). Topics in the Grammar of Mono-Alu (Oceanic). University of Newcastle.
- ↑ Lincoln, Forster (2001). Letters written in Mono-Alu language of Western District, Solomon Islands to Hilary Forster of N.Z.; Mono-Alu word list by Hilary Forster of N.Z. and a teacher from Shortland Islands, Solomon Islands.
- ↑ Stolz (1996). Some Instruments Are Really Good Companions - Some Are Not. On Syncretism and the Typology of Instrumentals and Comitatives., Theoretical Linguistics 23. 113–200.