Asụsụ Moro
Moro bụ asụsụ Kordofania a na-asụ n'Ugwu Nuba nke South Kordofan, Sudan . [1] Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Western otu West Central Heiban Kordofonia asụsụ ma bụrụ nke Niger-Congo phylum. N'afọ 1982, e nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu Moro dị 30,000. Nke a bụ tupu agha obodo Sudan nke abụọ ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na nso nso a nwere ike ịdị iche. Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta nke Arabic na a na-enyo enyo na taa ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke okwu Moro nwere njikọ ma ọ bụ malite na asụsụ Arabic.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ụda olu dị iche iche n'asụsụ Moro. Na-emekarị ụdaume "e", "a" na "o" nwere ụda dị ala, ebe ụdaume "i", "u" na "ʌ" nwere ụda dị elu. Udaume “ə” bụ ụdaume Schwa ya mere na-anọpụ iche.
Mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ nkwekọ n'ụdaume, nkwụsị eze, iguzogide ihichapụ na mkpebi vowel hiatus na itinye ụkpụrụ ụda nke nwere ike dochie anya n'ime asụsụ ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na abụọ nke ikpeazụ pụrụ iche na ihe kpatara na Moro (9;2,11).
Ndepụta Ngwaahịa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Moro nwere akara ụdaume asaa, [2] [3] [4] ahaziri ya na tebụl dị n'okpuru. [ə] nwere ike ịbụ epenthetic ma ọ bụ mbelata nke ụdaume mpụta /ieou/; ọ na-apụtakwa na mgbọrọgwụ na-enweghị isi iyi nke mbelata. [3] Àgwà nke schwa [ə] na nkwekọ n'ụdaume Moro ka e weere dị ka ihe mere e ji debe ụdaume abụọ [ə] na Moro - nke dị elu nke na-ebuli ụdaume, na nke dị ala nke na-adịghị. [4]
N'ihu | Central | Azu | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Elu | i | u | ||
N'etiti | e | ọ | ʌ | o |
Dị ala | a |
Na mgbakwunye, a na-agbakwa mgba ọkụ diphthongs dị ka [iə], [eə], [oa], na [uʌ]. [3] Ọkụ diphthong na-agụ dị ka otu nkeji na-ebu ụda. Ogologo ụdaume abụghị ihe dị iche, mana a na-ahụkarị ịgbatị ogologo oge n'ụda olu mepere emepe ma ọ bụ nke mmalite. [3]
A na-enye ngwa ahịa consonantal nke Moro n'okpuru. [3]
Labial | eze | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kwụsị | p b | t̪ d̪ | t d | k g | ||
Mmekọrịta | tʃ dʒ | |||||
Nke na-ese okwu | f v | ð | s | |||
imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Trill | r | |||||
Mpịakọta | ɾ | ɽ | ||||
N'akụkụ | l | |||||
Mmanya | w | j |
Enwere ike ịwepụta consonants, ewezuga [ɾ,ɽ,j]. Nkwụsị ụda na /v/ na-achọpụta dị ka enweghị olu mgbe mkpụrụ osisi. [3]
Udaume Harmony
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Moro nwere usoro nkwekọ ụdaume dị elu 'otu nzọụkwụ', nke a na-ebuli ụdaume ala / eao/ nke affixes na ndị ibe ha dị elu [i ʌ u] ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ dị elu. [4] Na mgbakwunye na nkwekọrịta na-achịkwa mgbọrọgwụ- ma ọ bụ stem, Moro na-egosipụtakwa ụkpụrụ nkwekọ na-achị achị nke ụfọdụ mgbakwunye ndọtị na-akpalite iwelite prefixes bu ụzọ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ, yana suffix na-esote; suffixes nkwekọ na-akpalite ndị a bụ ihe na-akpata -i, ngwa- ət̪, na passive -ən . [4]
Schwa na Moro Vowel Harmony
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụfọdụ mgbọrọgwụ Moro nwere [ə] na-ebute nkwekọ ụdaume, ebe ndị ọzọ adịghị; N'otu aka ahụ, ebe suffix nke ngwa na nke na-agafe agafe nwere [ə] ma na-ebute nkwekọ nke ụdaume, Moro na-egosipụta suffixes ndị ọzọ nwere [ə], dị ka antipassive - əđ, nke na-adịghị. Ihe omumu ihe omumu gosiputara na schwas nke na-ebute nkwekorita nke udaume na Moro gosiputara usoro F1 di ala nke ukwuu karia ndi na-adighi, na schwas na onodu udaume ewelitere na Moro gosiputara ihe F1 di ala nke ukwuu karia ndi no na onodu eweliteghi. [4] Dị ka nke a, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụ ụka na Moro na-agụnye ụdaume schwa abụọ: schwa dị elu, nke na-ebute nkwekọ nke ụdaume, na schwa dị ala, nke na-adịghị. [4]
Ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aha aha na nkebiokwu aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Klas aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ike ekewa Moro n'ime klaasị aha iri na asatọ: 8 isi, 5 obere na 5 enweghị ọnụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime klaasị ndị a nwere prefix klaasị ha n'otu n'otu, otu prefix na concord yana otutu prefix na concord.
Semantic ID | Class prefix | Singular prefix | Singular concord | Plural prefix | Plural concord |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
people | g/l | ?/w | G | L | L |
animals/body parts | l/ŋ | L | L | Ñ | Ñ |
trees | đ/g | Đ | Đ | W | G |
common things | g/n | ? | Đ | N | N |
Things of shapes | l/ŋ | l/ɽ/ɽr | l/ɽ/ɽr | Ŋ | Ŋ |
Long things | đ/r | Đ | Đ | R | R |
/ | g/n | Đ | Đ | ? | G |
Large and harmful things | đ/j | Đ | Đ | y | y |
Domestic/small animals | ŋ/ŋ | Ŋ- | Ŋ- | Ñ | Ñ |
Liquids and abstract nouns | ŋ | Ŋ- | Ŋ- | — | — |
Emotions | đ | đ | Đ | — | — |
Cow, goat, irregular nouns | r/j | — | r | — | Y |
Foreign words | j/j | — | Y | — | y |
Enwere ụfọdụ iwu amapụtara maka owuwu nke ọtụtụ dịka klaasị aha ya si dị:
Syntax
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro ihe mejupụtara
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkejiokwu Moro dị mfe nwere Isiokwu - Ngwaa - Ihe: Usoro nke akpaokwu aha dị n'usoro nke: Noun - ngosi - ọnụọgụ - Adjective. Klaasị aha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Niger-Congo, ọkachasị n'asụsụ Bantu dịka Kikuyu ma ọ bụ Swahili.
Nádam | N'ezie | Ngwọta | Nóré |
Akwụkwọ | Ndị ahụ | Abụọ | uhie |
Mkpesa ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ime asụsụ Moro, e meela ọtụtụ nrịbama dị ka okwu ọnụ si dị. Ka ọ dị ugbu a ka akọwara morphemes ndị a:
- Ihe kpatara: tinye "-i"
- Mgbanwe/ntụgharị uche: “-ən-“ + mgbanwe nke ụdaume ikpeazụ
- Ọmụmaatụ: “raico” = ịwụsa; "raicenu" = a ga-awụsa
- Ngwa: suffix “ət”
- Antipassive: “əđ”
- Nkwugharị: tinye prefix "ka-"
- Ọmụmaatụ: “arənđo” = ikewa; “akarənđo” = ikewa ọtụtụ ugboro
- N'otu oge: tinye "ta-" na ngwaa tupu nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta
- Akụkọ/usoro: tinye “nə-“ na ngwaa tupu nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta (2.1; 3)
- Adjective: ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere "-nano" na ụfọdụ adjectives, ha nwere ike ịghọ ngwaa
- Ọmụmaatụ: "gaicia" (= ọjọọ) + "nano" = gaicianano
- Ebe: jiri suffix "e-" ma ọ bụ "i-" n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ụdaume ndị a
- Ọmụmaatụ: é -lógopájá = n'ime iko; í -lútí = na ikwiikwii [5]
Usoro edemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tupu ndị ozi ala ọzọ mbụ bịarutere na 1936, e ji mkpụrụedemede Arabic dee Moro, ya mere ndị na-asụ Moro amaghị mkpụrụedemede ukwu Latịn. Ndị mgbasa ozi-ọma kere usoro ọkpụkpụ nke gụnyere mkpụrụedemede ukwu ma tụgharịkwara Agba Ọhụrụ ka ọ bụrụ Moro n'asụsụ Ləŋorəban. Taa Moro nwere consonants 22 na ụdaume 7 nke otu n'ime ha bụ Schwa.
A | B | C | D | Ḏ | Đ | E | Ë | Ə | F | G | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ñ | Ego | O | P | R | Ɽ | S | T | Ṯ | U | W | Y |
a | b | c | d | ḏ | đ | e | ọ | ọ | f | g | i | j | k | l | m | n | ñ | ŋ | o | p | r | ɽ | s | t | ṯ | u | w | y |
A na-ejikarị Đ eme ihe n'ụdị a kụrụ ihe n'efere ya, ihe dịka ⟨ d̶ ⟩
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere olumba 7 nke Moro (Onye ọbịa 1997a). Enyere aha ethnologue n'ime mbo.
- Laiyənia ma ọ bụ Layenia (Laiyen)
- Tobəɽelda ma ọ bụ Thetogovela (Toberelda, Umm Gabralla)
- Ọlụba (Ulba)
- Nnụbụ (Nubwa)
- Nḏərria or Ndërria [6] (Nderre)
- Ləmwarəŋ (Dhimorong; = Werria)
- Ləŋorəban (Longorban, Umm Dorein)
Olumba ọ bụla dabara na ebo dị iche, ma ewezuga Ləmwarəŋ na Ləŋorəban, bụ́ ndị ejikọtala n'otu ezinụlọ a maara dị ka Wërria. Ya mere, enwere mkpokọta 6 dị iche iche ezinụlọ. Enwere ihe dị iche n'asụsụ dị iche iche, ọkachasị na labial: "t" na "d" ma ọ bụ "ɽ" na "t". N'okwu ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụta "b" nke olumba Ləŋorəban dị ka "f, v, w," na olumba ndị ọzọ.
- Ọmụmatụ: “vomit” n’olumba Ləŋorəban bụ: “bi ɗ u”, ebe n’asụsụ ndị ọzọ ọ bụ: “fiđu” ma ọ bụ “wiđu”.
Enwekwara nnukwu ọdịiche ntụgharị asụsụ na olumba.
- Ọmụmaatụ: “majen” na Ləŋorəban pụtara “ugbu a” mana na olumba ọzọ na-ezo aka na “ogologo oge gara aga”.
Nke a na-eduga ọbụna na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị na-asụ olumba Tobəɽelda enweghị ike ịghọta nsụgharị nke Agba Ọhụrụ nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Ləŋorəban. Nkọwa maka nke a nwere ike ịbụ, na ndị na-asụ olumba Ləŋorəban yiri ka ha nọpụrụ iche na mpaghara na ndị na-asụ olumba ndị ọzọ ma na-enweta mmetụta site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ ha na-agba gburugburu dị ka Katcha ma ọ bụ Utundi.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Moro Language Project. moro.ucsd.edu. Retrieved on 2023-01-31.
- ↑ Black (1971). The Moro Language Grammar and Dictionary, Linguistic Monograph Series. Khartoum: Sudan Research Unit, Faculty of Arts.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Jenks (2011). "High Tone in Moro: Effects of Prosodic Categories and Morphological Domains". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 29: 211–250. DOI:10.1007/s11049-011-9120-x. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
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tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Ritchart (2015). "Schwas in Moro Vowel Harmony", in Kramer: Selected Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 231–242. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
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Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Blench, Roger. 2005. A dictionary of the Moro language of the Nuba hills, Sudan. m.s.
- Black, K. & K. Black 1971. The Moro language: grammar and dictionary. Khartoum: Sudan Research Unit. MacDiarmid, P.A. and D.N.
- Edwards, G. 1941. Moro Dictionary. (handwritten m.s.)
- Gibbard, George, Hannah Rohde & Sharon Rose. (2009). Moro Noun Class Morphology. In M. Matondo, F. McLaughlin & E. Potsdam (eds.) Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 106-117.
- Guest (1997a). Moro Phonology. m.s.
- Guest, Elizabeth. 1997b. Moro Noun Classes. m.s.
- Guest, Elizabeth. 1997c. Moro Verbs. m.s.
- Guest, Elizabeth. 1997d. Moro Verbs Lexicon. m.s.
- Guest, Elizabeth. 1997e. History of the Moro NT. m.s.
- Guest, Elizabeth. 1998. Miscellaneous Moro Grammar. m.s.
- Jenks, Peter. (to appear) Noun phrases in Moro. In R. Blench & T. Schadeberg (eds.) Languages of the Nuba Mountains.
- Jenks, Peter & Sharon Rose (2011). High Tone in Moro: Effects of Prosodic Categories and Morphological Domains. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 29, 211-250.
- Jenks, Peter and Sharon Rose. (to appear) Syllable Weight and High Tone in Moro. Papers from the 45th Chicago Linguistic Society.
- Rose, Sharon. The morphological structure of the Moro verb. In R. Blench & T. Schadeberg (eds.) Languages of the Nuba Mountains.
- MacDiarmid. 1931. The languages of the Nuba Mountains. Sudan Notes and Records 14:149-162.
- Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. A Survey of Kordofanian. Volume 1: The Heiban Group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
- Stevenson, Roland C. 1956-57. "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structures of the Nuba Mountain languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha and Nyimang". Afrika und Übersee 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-153, 171-196.
- Strabone, Andrew & Sharon Rose. (2012). Morpho-phonological properties of the Moro causative. Selected Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
- Moro Marriage notes
- Notes on Language Use in the Moro Community in Khartoum