Asụsụ Moro

Moro bụ asụsụ Kordofania a na-asụ n'Ugwu Nuba nke South Kordofan, Sudan . Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Western otu West Central Heiban Kordofonia asụsụ ma bụrụ nke Niger-Congo phylum. N'afọ 1982, e nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu Moro dị 30,000. Nke a bụ tupu agha obodo Sudan nke abụọ ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na nso nso a nwere ike ịdị iche. Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta nke Arabic na a na-enyo enyo na taa ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke okwu Moro nwere njikọ ma ọ bụ malite na asụsụ Arabic.

fonology

Enwere ụda olu dị iche iche n'asụsụ Moro. Na-emekarị ụdaume "e", "a" na "o" nwere ụda dị ala, ebe ụdaume "i", "u" na "ʌ" nwere ụda dị elu. Udaume “ə” bụ ụdaume Schwa ya mere na-anọpụ iche.

Mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ nkwekọ n'ụdaume, nkwụsị eze, iguzogide ihichapụ na mkpebi vowel hiatus na itinye ụkpụrụ ụda nke nwere ike dochie anya n'ime asụsụ ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na abụọ nke ikpeazụ pụrụ iche na ihe kpatara na Moro (9;2,11).

Ndepụta Ngwaahịa

Moro nwere akara ụdaume asaa, ahaziri ya na tebụl dị n'okpuru. [ə] nwere ike ịbụ epenthetic ma ọ bụ mbelata nke ụdaume mpụta /ieou/; ọ na-apụtakwa na mgbọrọgwụ na-enweghị isi iyi nke mbelata. Àgwà nke schwa [ə] na nkwekọ n'ụdaume Moro ka e weere dị ka ihe mere e ji debe ụdaume abụọ [ə] na Moro - nke dị elu nke na-ebuli ụdaume, na nke dị ala nke na-adịghị.

Ndepụta ụdaume

	N'ihu	Central		Azu
Elu	i			u
N'etiti	e	ọ	ʌ	o
Dị ala		a

Na mgbakwunye, a na-agbakwa mgba ọkụ diphthongs dị ka [iə], [eə], [oa], na [uʌ]. Ọkụ diphthong na-agụ dị ka otu nkeji na-ebu ụda. Ogologo ụdaume abụghị ihe dị iche, mana a na-ahụkarị ịgbatị ogologo oge n'ụda olu mepere emepe ma ọ bụ nke mmalite.

A na-enye ngwa ahịa consonantal nke Moro n'okpuru.

Ndepụta nke consonantal

	Labial	eze	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
Kwụsị	p b	t̪ d̪	t d			k g
Mmekọrịta					tʃ dʒ
Nke na-ese okwu	f v	ð	s
imi	m		n		ɲ	ŋ
Trill			r
Mpịakọta			ɾ	ɽ
N'akụkụ			l
Mmanya		w			j

Enwere ike ịwepụta consonants, ewezuga [ɾ,ɽ,j]. Nkwụsị ụda na /v/ na-achọpụta dị ka enweghị olu mgbe mkpụrụ osisi.

Udaume Harmony

  Moro nwere usoro nkwekọ ụdaume dị elu 'otu nzọụkwụ', nke a na-ebuli ụdaume ala / eao/ nke affixes na ndị ibe ha dị elu [i ʌ u] ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ dị elu. Na mgbakwunye na nkwekọrịta na-achịkwa mgbọrọgwụ- ma ọ bụ stem, Moro na-egosipụtakwa ụkpụrụ nkwekọ na-achị achị nke ụfọdụ mgbakwunye ndọtị na-akpalite iwelite prefixes bu ụzọ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ, yana suffix na-esote; suffixes nkwekọ na-akpalite ndị a bụ ihe na-akpata -i, ngwa- ət̪, na passive -ən .

Schwa na Moro Vowel Harmony

Ụfọdụ mgbọrọgwụ Moro nwere [ə] na-ebute nkwekọ ụdaume, ebe ndị ọzọ adịghị; N'otu aka ahụ, ebe suffix nke ngwa na nke na-agafe agafe nwere [ə] ma na-ebute nkwekọ nke ụdaume, Moro na-egosipụta suffixes ndị ọzọ nwere [ə], dị ka antipassive - əđ, nke na-adịghị. Ihe omumu ihe omumu gosiputara na schwas nke na-ebute nkwekorita nke udaume na Moro gosiputara usoro F1 di ala nke ukwuu karia ndi na-adighi, na schwas na onodu udaume ewelitere na Moro gosiputara ihe F1 di ala nke ukwuu karia ndi no na onodu eweliteghi. Dị ka nke a, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụ ụka na Moro na-agụnye ụdaume schwa abụọ: schwa dị elu, nke na-ebute nkwekọ nke ụdaume, na schwa dị ala, nke na-adịghị.

 

Ụtọ asụsụ

Aha aha na nkebiokwu aha

Klas aha

Enwere ike ekewa Moro n'ime klaasị aha iri na asatọ: 8 isi, 5 obere na 5 enweghị ọnụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime klaasị ndị a nwere prefix klaasị ha n'otu n'otu, otu prefix na concord yana otutu prefix na concord.

Semantic ID	Class prefix	Singular prefix	Singular concord	Plural prefix	Plural concord
people	g/l	?/w	G	L	L
animals/body parts	l/ŋ	L	L	Ñ	Ñ
trees	đ/g	Đ	Đ	W	G
common things	g/n	?	Đ	N	N
Things of shapes	l/ŋ	l/ɽ/ɽr	l/ɽ/ɽr	Ŋ	Ŋ
Long things	đ/r	Đ	Đ	R	R
/	g/n	Đ	Đ	?	G
Large and harmful things	đ/j	Đ	Đ	y	y
Domestic/small animals	ŋ/ŋ	Ŋ-	Ŋ-	Ñ	Ñ
Liquids and abstract nouns	ŋ	Ŋ-	Ŋ-	—	—
Emotions	đ	đ	Đ	—	—
Cow, goat, irregular nouns	r/j	—	r	—	Y
Foreign words	j/j	—	Y	—	y

Enwere ụfọdụ iwu amapụtara maka owuwu nke ọtụtụ dịka klaasị aha ya si dị:

Syntax

Usoro ihe mejupụtara

Nkejiokwu Moro dị mfe nwere Isiokwu - Ngwaa - Ihe:   Usoro nke akpaokwu aha dị n'usoro nke: Noun - ngosi - ọnụọgụ - Adjective. Klaasị aha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Niger-Congo, ọkachasị n'asụsụ Bantu dịka Kikuyu ma ọ bụ Swahili.

Nádam	N'ezie	Ngwọta	Nóré
Akwụkwọ	Ndị ahụ	Abụọ	uhie

Mkpesa ọmụmụ

N'ime asụsụ Moro, e meela ọtụtụ nrịbama dị ka okwu ọnụ si dị. Ka ọ dị ugbu a ka akọwara morphemes ndị a:

1. Ihe kpatara: tinye "-i"
2. Mgbanwe/ntụgharị uche: “-ən-“ + mgbanwe nke ụdaume ikpeazụ

   Ọmụmaatụ: “raico” = ịwụsa; "raicenu" = a ga-awụsa

3. Ngwa: suffix “ət”
4. Antipassive: “əđ”
5. Nkwugharị: tinye prefix "ka-"

   Ọmụmaatụ: “arənđo” = ikewa; “akarənđo” = ikewa ọtụtụ ugboro

6. N'otu oge: tinye "ta-" na ngwaa tupu nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta
7. Akụkọ/usoro: tinye “nə-“ na ngwaa tupu nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta (2.1; 3)
8. Adjective: ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere "-nano" na ụfọdụ adjectives, ha nwere ike ịghọ ngwaa

   Ọmụmaatụ: "gaicia" (= ọjọọ) + "nano" = gaicianano

9. Ebe: jiri suffix "e-" ma ọ bụ "i-" n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ụdaume ndị a

   Ọmụmaatụ: é -lógopájá = n'ime iko; í -lútí = na ikwiikwii

Usoro edemede

Tupu ndị ozi ala ọzọ mbụ bịarutere na 1936, e ji mkpụrụedemede Arabic dee Moro, ya mere ndị na-asụ Moro amaghị mkpụrụedemede ukwu Latịn. Ndị mgbasa ozi-ọma kere usoro ọkpụkpụ nke gụnyere mkpụrụedemede ukwu ma tụgharịkwara Agba Ọhụrụ ka ọ bụrụ Moro n'asụsụ Ləŋorəban. Taa Moro nwere consonants 22 na ụdaume 7 nke otu n'ime ha bụ Schwa.

mkpụrụedemede Moro [ 19 ]

A

B

C

D

Ḏ

Đ

E

Ë

Ə

F

G

I

J

K

L

M

N

Ñ

Ego

O

P

R

Ɽ

S

T

Ṯ

U

W

Y

a

b

c

d

ḏ

đ

e

ọ

ọ

f

g

i

j

k

l

m

n

ñ

ŋ

o

p

r

ɽ

s

t

ṯ

u

w

y

A na-ejikarị Đ eme ihe n'ụdị a kụrụ ihe n'efere ya, ihe dịka ⟨ d̶ ⟩

Olumba

Enwere olumba 7 nke Moro (Onye ọbịa 1997a). Enyere aha ethnologue n'ime mbo.

• Laiyənia ma ọ bụ Layenia (Laiyen)
• Tobəɽelda ma ọ bụ Thetogovela (Toberelda, Umm Gabralla)
• Ọlụba (Ulba)
• Nnụbụ (Nubwa)
• Nḏərria or Ndërria (Nderre)
• Ləmwarəŋ (Dhimorong; = Werria)
• Ləŋorəban (Longorban, Umm Dorein)

Olumba ọ bụla dabara na ebo dị iche, ma ewezuga Ləmwarəŋ na Ləŋorəban, bụ́ ndị ejikọtala n'otu ezinụlọ a maara dị ka Wërria. Ya mere, enwere mkpokọta 6 dị iche iche ezinụlọ. Enwere ihe dị iche n'asụsụ dị iche iche, ọkachasị na labial: "t" na "d" ma ọ bụ "ɽ" na "t". N'okwu ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụta "b" nke olumba Ləŋorəban dị ka "f, v, w," na olumba ndị ọzọ.

Ọmụmatụ: “vomit” n’olumba Ləŋorəban bụ: “bi ɗ u”, ebe n’asụsụ ndị ọzọ ọ bụ: “fiđu” ma ọ bụ “wiđu”.

Enwekwara nnukwu ọdịiche ntụgharị asụsụ na olumba.

Ọmụmaatụ: “majen” na Ləŋorəban pụtara “ugbu a” mana na olumba ọzọ na-ezo aka na “ogologo oge gara aga”.

Nke a na-eduga ọbụna na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị na-asụ olumba Tobəɽelda enweghị ike ịghọta nsụgharị nke Agba Ọhụrụ nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Ləŋorəban. Nkọwa maka nke a nwere ike ịbụ, na ndị na-asụ olumba Ləŋorəban yiri ka ha nọpụrụ iche na mpaghara na ndị na-asụ olumba ndị ọzọ ma na-enweta mmetụta site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ ha na-agba gburugburu dị ka Katcha ma ọ bụ Utundi.

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

• Blench, Roger. 2005. A dictionary of the Moro language of the Nuba hills, Sudan. m.s.
• Black, K. & K. Black 1971. The Moro language: grammar and dictionary. Khartoum: Sudan Research Unit. MacDiarmid, P.A. and D.N.
• Edwards, G. 1941. Moro Dictionary. (handwritten m.s.)
• Gibbard, George, Hannah Rohde & Sharon Rose. (2009). Moro Noun Class Morphology. In M. Matondo, F. McLaughlin & E. Potsdam (eds.) Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 106-117.
• Guest (1997a). Moro Phonology. m.s.
• Guest, Elizabeth. 1997b. Moro Noun Classes. m.s.
• Guest, Elizabeth. 1997c. Moro Verbs. m.s.
• Guest, Elizabeth. 1997d. Moro Verbs Lexicon. m.s.
• Guest, Elizabeth. 1997e. History of the Moro NT. m.s.
• Guest, Elizabeth. 1998. Miscellaneous Moro Grammar. m.s.
• Jenks, Peter. (to appear) Noun phrases in Moro. In R. Blench & T. Schadeberg (eds.) Languages of the Nuba Mountains.
• Jenks, Peter & Sharon Rose (2011). High Tone in Moro: Effects of Prosodic Categories and Morphological Domains. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 29, 211-250.
• Jenks, Peter and Sharon Rose. (to appear) Syllable Weight and High Tone in Moro. Papers from the 45th Chicago Linguistic Society.
• Rose, Sharon. The morphological structure of the Moro verb. In R. Blench & T. Schadeberg (eds.) Languages of the Nuba Mountains.
• MacDiarmid. 1931. The languages of the Nuba Mountains. Sudan Notes and Records 14:149-162.
• Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. A Survey of Kordofanian. Volume 1: The Heiban Group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
• Stevenson, Roland C. 1956-57. "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structures of the Nuba Mountain languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha and Nyimang". Afrika und Übersee 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-153, 171-196.
• Strabone, Andrew & Sharon Rose. (2012). Morpho-phonological properties of the Moro causative. Selected Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
• Moro Marriage notes
• Notes on Language Use in the Moro Community in Khartoum

Njikọ mpụga

• Ọrụ Asụsụ Moro (UCSD)
• Moro Story Corpus (UC Berkeley)
• Ngwa Moro (Roger Blench na Elizabeth Guest)