Asụsụ Mortlockese

Mortlockese ( Kapsen Mwoshulók ), nke a makwaara dị ka Mortlock ma ọ bụ Nomoi, bụ asụsụ nke ndị Chuukic nke asụsụ Micronesia na Federated States of Micronesia nke a na-asụ na Mortlock Islands ( Nomoi ma ọ bụ Lower Mortlock Islands na Upper Mortlock Islands ). Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe nghọta na Satawalese, na 18 percent intelligibility na 82 pasent lexical myirịta, na Puluvatese, na a 75 percent intelligibility na 83 percent lexical myirịta. ^[1] Asụsụ taa abụrụla nke a na-aghọta nke ọma na Chuukese, n'agbanyeghị na ejiri olu Mortlockese mara ya. Ụdị asụsụ na-egosi na Mortlockese na Chuukese na -akpakọrịta ebe ^{] [ na} Mortlockese nwere ugbu a 80 ruo 85 pasent myirịta okwu okwu. ^[1] ^[2]

Enwere ihe dị ka puku mmadụ ise ruo puku asaa na-asụ Mortlockese na Mortlock Islands, Guam, Hawaii na United States . Enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala olumba iri na otu dị iche iche na-egosi ụfọdụ ụdị akwụkwọ ozi na ndị otu Mortlock Island.

Nhazi

Mortlockese bụ asụsụ Austronesia nwere ọkwa asụsụ 6b* ugbu a, nke pụtara na ọ na-eyi egwu ikpochapụ. Kpọmkwem, a na-enye asụsụ ọkwa asụsụ 6b mgbe a na-eji ya naanị maka nzikọrịta ozi n'ime mmadụ (ya bụ, ọ bụghị asụsụ edere), yana mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu. N'asụsụ Micronesia nuklia, Asụsụ Mortlockese dabara n'ụdị Chuukic . Otu ihe na-atụnye ụtụ na nsonye Mortlockese ugbu a bụ ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha, dị ka ajọ ifufe nke dakwasịrị Mortlock Islands na 1907. ^[3] Ọdachi ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike igbu ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Mortlockese, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ebute asụsụ a n'ụzọ bụ isi, a na-ewepụ ọtụtụ ebe maka ibufe omenala na asụsụ nye ndị ntorobịa.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Agwaetiti Mortlock, bụ ebe a na-asụkarị Mortlockese, na-eche na ọ nwere ebe obibi mbụ ya ihe dị ka narị afọ asatọ ruo narị itoolu gara aga. Enwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na Asụsụ Mortlockese sitere na Ọdọ Mmiri Chuuk ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị Mortlock na-achọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme ha laa azụ n'agwaetiti Chuuk Lagoon. Tinyere usoro ọmụmụ, ọtụtụ ezinụlọ dị na agwaetiti Mortlock dịkwa n'agwaetiti Chuuk Lagoon. ^[3] N'afọ 1907, e nwere ajọ ifufe nke dara n'agwaetiti Mortlock Ta nke mere ka ndị bi ebe ahụ kwaga Saipan na Pohnpei . Ugbu a, enwere ike ịhụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Mortlockese ọ bụghị naanị na agwaetiti Mortlock, kamakwa na Saipan na Pohnpei.

Ịdekọ asụsụ ahụ site n'ide ya bụ ihe ọhụrụ; Kama nke ahụ, a na-edepụta akụkọ n'ọnụ, nke na-eduga n'akụkọ ihe mere eme edepụtachaghị. Ụmụaka mụtara n'aka nne na nna ha na akụkọ ndị ikwu na-akọ. Isi ọrụ ụmụ agbọghọ na-etolite bụ inyere ndị nne ha aka na ịmụta ọrụ ụlọ. Maka ụmụ nwoke, a kwalitere ọtụtụ ọrụ "oke" dị ka ịkụ azụ. Ndụ ezinụlọ dị mkpa, ụmụaka na-anabatakwa nrubeisi nke ukwuu n'ihi egwu nke ike karịrị nke mmadụ na-ata ha ahụhụ. Akụkọ ifo na akụkọ ifo kọrọ akụkọ banyere nkwenkwe okpukpe na omenala ndị agafere. Ezinụlọ dị mkpa nye ụmụ amaala Mortlock. Ọdịdị ezinụlọ dị mkpa ma na-agbaso iwu dị iche iche dabere n'àgwàetiti dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nwanyị ahụ bụ onyeisi ezinụlọ. Usoro ihi ụra nwere ike ịpụta ndị ikom nọ n'ụlọ buru ibu na ndị inyom na ụmụaka. Ọbụbụenyi dịkwa oke mkpa na omenala Mortlockese. Enyi bụ karịa nke "ụmụnna." A na-achọpụta na ọ bụrụ na mmadụ abụọ na-eme enyi, onye ọ bụla n’ime ezinụlọ ya na-aghọkwa ezinụlọ.

N'ihe dị ka January 1874, ndị ozi ala ọzọ gara n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ ma malite ịrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ iji kụziere ndị obodo ahụ ụzọ ndụ okpukpe. Mgbalị ha bụ isi bụ ịbawanye mmata nke Puritanism. E webatara uwe ndị Europe, yana mmachibido ọgwụ na mmanya. Enwere nchegbu maka ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na-adaba na ụzọ obodo ha. A kwadoro akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịnala nke ndị obodo na emelitere usoro ọhụrụ wee gaa n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ si kwuo, e mere ọtụtụ mgbanwe na usoro ọmụmụ iji tinye omenala obodo yana iwebata ozi ọhụrụ sitere na ndị Europe.

Nkwenye nke akụkọ ihe mere eme kachasị bụ na ndị Mortlock rutere n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ na ụgbọ mmiri. N'ime ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 19, ndị ahịa nọgidere na-edekọ nleta ha n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ na-enye ihe àmà nke ibi.

Na 1907, ajọ ifufe kpara àgwàetiti Mortlock, bibie ụlọ ma gbuo ọtụtụ narị mmadụ. Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha, agha, na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ a na-enwe n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ bụ ndị a na-ata ụta maka ntakịrị na enweghị akwụkwọ akụkọ Mortlock na asụsụ. Ihe fọdụrụ bụ akwụkwọ nke ndị mgbasa ozi-ọma bụ́ ndị gara n’agwaetiti ahụ ịkụziri okwu nke Chineke, na ịtụgharị asụsụ Mortlockese ka ọ bụrụ ederede Akwụkwọ Nsọ. Enwere akwụkwọ nke usoro ọmụmụ a kuziri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mepere emepe, yana ọnụọgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi bịara. E nwekwara iwu ụfọdụ a na-ahụta n’ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-egosi na okwu anaghị adịcha ka ọ dị. N'ihe gbasara ezinaụlọ na ndị ikwu, a na-eji aha onwe onye eme ihe mgbe a na-ekwu maka ezinụlọ kama ikwu okwu dịka "nwa nwanne nna," ma ọ bụ "nna nna." Usoro ikwu na-ekewa ndị ikwu kama ịkpọ ha aha ozugbo. Nke a bụ naanị otu ọmụmaatụ nke ụtọ asụsụ anyị nwere ike ịmụ site na otu e si hazie asụsụ Mortlockese.

Nkesa ala

A na-asụ asụsụ Mortlockese na steeti Chuuk . A na-asụ ya na olumba iri na otu dị iche iche n'elu agwaetiti Mortlock iri na otu ( Ettal, Kutt, Lekinioch, Losap, Moch, Nama, Namoluk, Oneop, Piis-Emwar, Satowan, Ta ), ha niile nwere nghọta. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Mortlockese na-enwe ike ịmata ebe ndị na-ekwu okwu si, ma ọ bụ agwaetiti dị iche ma ọ bụ obodo dị iche, dabere na mgbanwe dị iche iche na usoro okwu. ^[3] Enwere ihe dị ka puku mmadụ ise ruo puku asaa na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, nke dị na Mortlock Islands na Micronesia dum, kamakwa na Pacific Islands ( Hawaii na Guam karịsịa) na United States of America . ^[4] Na Maachị 1907, n'ihi mbibi nke ajọ ifufe butere n'agwaetiti Mortlock Ta gburu ọkara ndị bi n'ebe ahụ, ^[3] ndị Mortlock bi n'agwaetiti ahụ kwagara Saipan na Pohnpei . Na Pohnpei, Mortlocks na-asụ otu n'ime olumba Mortlockese atọ yana Pohnpeian ma ọ bụ Bekee dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ na obodo ọtụtụ asụsụ ha hibere. ^[4] Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gachara, ndị Mortlockese bi na Pohnpei laghachiri na Pakin Atoll na Mortlock Islands, ebe ha na-asụ olumba kapsen Mwoshulok, na-egosipụta mgbanwe na evolushọn, ebe ha na-ejigide Pohnpeian dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ. ^[4] Bekee bụ asụsụ obodo na agwaetiti Mortlock; Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ na-eji ya naanị mgbe gị na ndị si ebe ọzọ ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akpakọrịta. Kama Bekee, Mortlockese na Pohnpeian bụ asụsụ a na-asụkarị. ^[3] Olumba Lukunosh bụ otu n'ime ndịda Mortlockese olumba.

fonology

Lukunosh, olumba Mortlockese, nwere fọnịm ụdaume itoolu na fọnịm 15 consonant.

Ụdaume
	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Elu	i	ʉ	u
Elu-etiti			o
Ala-etiti	ɛ	ɞ	ɔ
Dị ala	æ	a

Tebụl ewepụtara na pg.100 nke Odango, Emmerson.

fọnịm consonant
	Bilabial		eze / Alveolar	Alveo-<br id="mw4g"><br><br><br> palatal	Velar
	larịị	labialized	eze / Alveolar	Alveo-<br id="mw4g"><br><br><br> palatal	Velar
Plosive	p	pʷ	t̪	tʃ	k
imi	m	mʷ	n		ŋ
Nke na-ese okwu	f		s	ʃ
Trill			r
Odika		w	l	j

Tebụlụ ewepụtara na pg.96 nke Odango, Emmerson.

Gemination ga-ekwe omume maka consonants niile. (pg.98)

Mkpụrụokwu dị n'ụdị (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C), ebe (C) bụ consonant nhọrọ na (V) bụ ụdaume nhọrọ. Ihe atụ nke syllable CCVVCC bụ so.ko. ppat (nke pụtara iche na Lukunosh Mortlockese). (pg.110)

Mgbanwegharị

Mgbanwegharị na-apụta n'ụfọdụ ngwaa iji gosipụta oke oke. Ọ nwekwara ike igosi akụkụ na-ezughị okè ma ọ bụ nke emebu .

Ọnụọgụ na agụta

Usoro ngụkọ na Mortlockese bụ usoro 10 ntọala. Tebụlụ na-esote gụnyere ọnụọgụ ejiri na ngụ usoro, nke nwekwara ike gbanwee site na nhazi ọnụọgụgụ.

Ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe

A na-akọwa ngwaa ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na Mortlockese site na klaasị abụọ dị iche iche. Klas nke mbụ bụ "ndị na-enweghị ebubo", nke ejikọtara na adjectives ma nwee ike igosi na ihe ahụ na-eme usoro ma ọ bụ omume. Klas nke ọzọ bụ "unergatives," nke dị ka ngwaa n'ezie na ha na-akọwa omume kama ịbụ ọnọdụ. Ụdị ngwaa abụọ a na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ụdị ngwaa transitive nwere njikọ.

Ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe chọrọ ka eji suffixes ihe kpọmkwem nke na-ezo aka n'ihe dị na nkebiokwu ahụ. Ndị a na-agụnye ngwaa prepositional, nke a na-eji ihe suffix ihe kpọmkwem na-ejighị ya mee ihe na-akpata ma ọ bụ ngbanwegharị iji gosi akụkụ dị iche iche. Enwere ike iji ngwaa mgbanwe na Mortlockese naanị ma ọ bụ sochiri ya na nkebiokwu aha ihe kpọmkwem na nkebiokwu.

Mgbasa ozi nwere ike ịbịa tupu ma ọ bụ emechaa ngwaa n'ahịrịokwu. Ijikọta adjective na morpheme /lɛ/ na ngwaa ga-ebute ụdị nke na-atụgharịkarị n'ụdị adverb Bekee na-agwụ na "-ly".

Nkpọaha

A na-eji ụdị nnọchiaha anọ eme ihe na Mortlockese. Ụdị nke mbụ, nnochiaha nọọrọ onwe ya, nwere ike iji mee ihe dịka isiokwu ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ihe nkebiokwu ma ọ bụ ahịrịokwu. Enwere ike iji ụdị dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche n'asụsụ dị iche iche, mana ụdị niile na-agbanwe agbanwe. A na-eji proclitics eme ihe iji gosi ọnụọgụgụ ndị a na-ekwu maka ya dị ka isiokwu a. Ihe atụ nke metathesis asụsụ ka egosiri na mgbanwe nke mmadụ atọ plural isiokwu proclitic pronoun /ɛr=/ to /rɛ=/ ebe a na-anabata ojiji nke nke ọ bụla, mana onye na-ekwu okwu ga-ahọrọ naanị iji otu ụdị. A na-eji nnochiaha ihe nnochi anya ihe na-egosi ọnụọgụgụ ndị a na-ekwu maka ya dị ka ihe kpọmkwem nke nkebiokwu ma ọ bụ ahịrịokwu. N'ikpeazụ, a na-eji nnọchiaha mkpọmkpọ aha nwere gosi ọnụọgụgụ ndị nwe ya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọkà okwu na onye nwe ya. Enwere ike ijikọ ngwaa na prefixes na-akpata, transitive onye nke atọ kpọmkwem ihe suffixes na ụdaume isiokwu (ntinye nke dabere na njedebe nke ngwaa bụ ụdaume ma ọ bụ nkwenye) iji mepụta nkebiokwu nkọwa gụnyere nnochiaha. Olumba dị iche iche ga-enwe ụzọ dị iche iche e si emegharị ngwaa na nnọchiaha aha; n'otu aka ahụ, ndịiche dị n'ọgbọ na-enye ụdị mgbanwe okwu dị iche iche. A na-eji nnọchiaha ndị nọọrọ onwe ha na-aza ajụjụ WH.

A na-eji ihe ngosi nke otu na otu dị iche iche gosi nso nso onye na-ekwu okwu ma ọ bụ onye na-ege ntị, yana ọnụọgụ ihe dị. Okwu ndị a nwere ihe n'asụsụ bekee dabara na "ihe a," "nke ahụ," "ebe a," "ebe ahụ," na ihe ndị yiri ya. A pụkwara imezi ihe ndị a iji gosi àgwà ndị ọzọ nke isiokwu ahụ, dị ka icheta ihe e mere n’oge gara aga nke na-anọghị n’ebe ndị ọkà okwu nọ n’oge ha họọrọ ịtụle ya.

Njikọ

Ụdị njikọ abụọ dị na Mortlockese bụ ndị na-achịkọta na ndị nhazi.

Classifiers nwere

Nkewa nke nwere na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ntọala nke okwu ahụ, ma na-egosi njikọ nke aha ihe onwunwe na onye nwe ya. Nkewa nke izugbe na Lukunosh bụ [jaa-].

Suffixes nwere

Mgbe ị na-ejikọta suffixes nwere n'ime okwu mgbochi-ikpeazụ, a na-edowe ụdaume n'etiti consonant ikpeazụ na suffix. Ihe atụ bụ [maas] (anya, ihu) ịghọ [masan] (anya ha, ihu). Ụdị [masn] nwere ike na ụda ụda na Mortlockese, mana ndị ọkà okwu na-ewere na ọ gaghị ekwe omume.

Okwu okwu

A pụghị ikwu ụfọdụ okwu n'ihu ndị na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe ha. Enwere ike iji okwu a na-egbochi nwoke na nwanyị, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ okwu ụlọ nri, naanị mgbe ọ na-agwa ndị otu nwoke okwu. Okwu a na-amachibido nwoke na nwanyị na-egosi ihe atụ nke okwu ezere, ụdị nkwanye ugwu, n'asụsụ Mortlockese. Mortlockese bụ ọha matrilineal, na-atụle usoro patrilineal dị ka nke abụọ. Okwu Mortlockese na-agụnye okwu iji gosi ụmụnne na nwanne nne nke otu nwoke na nwanyị, na okwu dị iche iche iji na-ezo aka na ụmụnne na ndị ikwu na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị. Ngwaa nwere ike ịbụ transitive, intransitive (unergative ma ọ bụ unaccusative), ma ọ bụ semitransitive. ^[3]

Ntụaka

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e25
↑ Marshall (2004). Namoluk Beyond the Reef: The Transformation of a Micronesian Community. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813341620.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Odango
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Odango (2015). "Local ecological knowledge in Mortlockese narrative: Stance, identity, and knowing", in Farzana Gounder: Narrative and Identity Construction in the Pacific Islands. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-6867-9.

Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpa

Combs, Martin. "Ntụle nlegharị anya nke mkparịta ụka na-enweghị olu n'asụsụ Mortlockese." Akwụkwọ ọrụ na Linguistics: University of Hawai 'i na Mānoa 13, no. 3 (1981): 1-8.
Odango, Emerson Lopez. "Ọnọdụ isiokwu na ihe nrịbama ihe na Pakin Lukunosh Mortlockese." Ọgụgụ asụsụ Oceanic (2014): 110-135.
Odango, Emerson Lopez. "Affeu fangani'jikọọ ọnụ': A morphophonemic analysis of possessive suffix paradigms and a discourse based ethnography of the elicitation session in Pakin Lukenosh Mortlockese." PhD diss., Mahadum Hawai'i na Manoa, 2015. [1]
Umwech, Marcellino. "MORTLOCKESE ORTHOGRAHIES & DICTIONARIES nwere nnukwu nkọwa ndị ọzọ gbasara Lagoon Trukese." N'ime Symposium Asụsụ Vernacular na Ọhụrụ & Na-emepe Ọdịbendị na Micronesia, 1989, Guam, p. 33. Mahadum nke Guam Press, 1990.

Njikọ mpụga

nchịkọta nke ndekọ Mortlockese dị site na Kaipuleohone
http://unravellingmag.com/articles/kapasen-mwoshlok/

[e25-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e25

[Beyond_the_Reef-2] Marshall (2004). Namoluk Beyond the Reef: The Transformation of a Micronesian Community. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813341620.

[Odango-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Odango

[Odango2015b-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Odango (2015). "Local ecological knowledge in Mortlockese narrative: Stance, identity, and knowing", in Farzana Gounder: Narrative and Identity Construction in the Pacific Islands. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-6867-9.

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