Asụsụ Muna
| Muna Wamba Wuna | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Sulawesi, Indonesia | |
| Region: | Muna Island, Buton Island | |
| Total speakers: | Templeeti:Sigfig | |
| Language family: | Tustrunizit Malayo-Polynesian Celebic Muna–Buton Munan Munic Western Muna | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | mnb
| |
Muna bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke a na-asựkarị n'arịrịetiti Muna nakwa n'àgbè Buton nke dị n'ebe ndị mụrụ ọmụmụ nke Sulawesi na Indonesia.[1] Asụsụ ahụ edere nke ọma, anyị saịtị n'aka onye ọka-ọka akara René van den Berg. N'afọ 2010, ahụ nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 270,000 na-asụ ya..
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Muna so n'otu Muna-Buton, nke bụ alaka nke nnukwu m Celebic.[1] N'ime akara Muna-Buton, Muna bụ onye nlekọta n'ime aha Munic, nke gụsịrị obere akwụkwọ dị ka Pancana, Kioko, Liabuku, Kaimbulawa, na Busoa..[1][2]
Muna na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Sulawesi na Buton na-emepụta asụsụ.
Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Muna nwere olumba atọ:
- "Standard" Muna bụ nke a na-asụkarị, nke a na'ebe ugwu na etiti nke Muna Island, yana n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Buton Island na 1989 nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 150,000 [3]
- olumba Tiworo, nke a na-asụ na Muna na mpaghara Tikep nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụrụ ya 10,000
- ndịda Muna, nwere asụsụ abụọ: na Siompu (~7000 ndị na-asụ ya) na asụsụ Gumas dị iche iche (~60,000 ndị na-ekwu ya)
Ihe dị iche n'etiti olumba ndị a bụkarị okwu, kamakwa ụda olu.[3]
Ahụike
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ebe nchekwa data Ethnologue, a na-ekewa Muna "egwu" na ngalaba 6b, nke pụtara "A na-eji asụsụ ahụ maka mkparịta ụka ihu na ihu n'ime ọgbọ niile, mana ọ na-efunahụ ndị ọrụ.".
N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-eji Indonesian eme ihe n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, Muna bụ izi ozi ma na-asụ ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ niile. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na Muna na-asụrụ ahụ nke ọma, mana ọ bụghị ha niile na-aazịpụta Indonesian nke ọma [1] N'agbanyeghị obere ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ihe eji ya dị ka isi ihe na-ahụ ihe n'ibu akwụkwọ, dere Muna yiri ka ọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. ezi ndị na-asụ ya nke ọma n'ụdịetiti ahụ iwu na- ikesi n'etiti afọ 1989 na 2007. [3]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụ okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Muna nwere ụdaume ndị a na-esonụ.
| Akpụkpọ ahụ | ezé ezé |
Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Mkpịsị aka | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | plain | p | t | (c) | k | |||
| prenasalized | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᵑk | ||||||
| voiced | plain | b | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị⟨dh⟩ | d | (ɟ) | g | |||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑg | ||||||
| implosive | N'ihi ya, ọ na-agụ⟨bh⟩ | ||||||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | voiceless | plain | f | s | h | ||||
| prenasalized | ⁿs | ||||||||
| voiced | __ibo__ Nkọwa⟨gh⟩ | ||||||||
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | __ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨ng⟩ | ||||||
| Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | r | ||||||||
| N'akụkụ | l | ||||||||
| Ihe atụ | Ihe omuma a⟨w⟩ | (j) ⟨y⟩ | |||||||
Ihe odide:
- A na-aghọta ụdaume /ʋ/ dị ka onye na-eru nso [ʋ] n'ihu ụdaume ndị a na-agbaghị gburugburu, yana dị ka onye dị nso na [βʹ] n'azụ ụdaume ndị gbara gburugburu.
- N'okwu ngwa ngwa, usoro /bu, pu, mbu, mpu/ nwere ụdaolu atọ n'ọnọdụ siri ike.
- Na kọlụm alveolar, /t/ na /nt/ bụ n'ezie apico-dental.[3]
Mkpụrụedemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]The vowel inventory comprises five vowels: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/. They can freely combine into sequences of two or three vowels. Sequences of two like vowels are pronounced as a long vowel, e.g. tuu [tu:] 'knee'. In sequences of three vowels, there is an optional non-phonemic glottal stop after the first vowel, e.g. nokoue [noko(ʔ)ue] 'it has veins'.[3]
Ọdịdị nke ụdaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dịka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ na Sulawesi,[1] Muna nwere naanị mkpụrụokwu mepere emepe nke ụdị CV (consonant-vowel) na V (ụdaume), dịka. kaindea /ka.i.ⁿde.a/ 'plantation', padamalala /pa.da.ma.la.la/ 'citronella', akumadiuandae /a.ku.ma.di.u.a.ⁿda.e/ 'M ga-eji ya sachaa ha'.[2] Okwu mbinye sitere na Malay/Indonesian na asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-adaba na usoro nke Muna: karadhaa /karad̪aa/ < Malay kerja 'work', kantori /kaⁿtori/ < Malay kantor 'office' (nke sitere na Dutch kantoor), wakutuu /wakutuu/ < Malay waktu 'time' (site na Arabic')Templeeti:Transl).[3]
Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngwaa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-gbanwee ngwaa maka ọnọdụ na onye (nke isiokwu na ihe). Mkpịsị aka onye bụ nke na-ebute ebubo: prefixes nke onye na-egosi na ọ bụ isiokwu nke ngwaa na-agafe agafe na nke na-ahụ agafe agafe, ebe a na-eji suffixes nke onye eme ihe gosi ihe ahụ kpọmkwem na nke na-egosighị ìhè..[3]
E nwere klas ngwaa atọ, nke nwere ụdị dịtụ iche maka prefix isiokwu. A na-akpọ klas ndị ahụ aha site na onye mbụ.[3]
| kla a | A na-ahazi ya | na klas | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| realized | ihe na-abụghị eziokwu | realized | ihe na-abụghị eziokwu | realized | ihe na-abụghị eziokwu | |
| 1.sg. | a- | a- | ae- | ae- | n'oge na- | n'oge na- |
| 2.sg.fam. | o- | o- | ome- | ome- | omo- | omo- |
| 2.sg.hon. | gaa na- | ta- | te- | tae- | gaa na- | Tao- |
| 3.sg. | na-abụghị | na- | na- | Na- | na-abụghị | nao- |
| 1.du.incl. | mee- | da- | de- | Dae- | mee- | Dao- |
| 1.pl.incl. | do- -Vmu | da- -Vmu | de- -Vmu | dae-Vmu | do- -Vmu | Dao-Vmu |
| 1.pl.excl. | ta- | ta- | tae- | tae- | Tao- | Tao- |
| 2.pl.fam. | o- -Vmu | o- -Vmu | ome-Vmu | ome-Vmu | omo-Vmu | omo-Vmu |
| 2.pl.hon. | gaa- -Vmu | ta-Vmu | te-Vmu | tae-Vmu | gaa- -Vmu | tao-Vmu |
| 3.pl. | mee- | da- | de- | Dae- | mee- | Dao- |
Maka ngwaa ae-class na ao-class, a na-amata ọnọdụ site na iji prefix isiokwu dị iche iche: [3]
- de-basa 'anyị na-agụ' (realis) ~ dae-basa 'a ga-agụ'
- no-lodo 'ọ na-ehi ụra' (realis) ~ nao-lodo'ọ ga-ehihie' (irrealis)
Site na ngwaa a-class, a na- nsogbu akara <um> mara ọnọdụ na- Mal isi:
- no-horo 'ọ na-efe efe' (realis) ~ na-h<um>oro 'ọ ga-efe efe" (irrealis)
Ngwa ndị na-adịghị agafe agafe na- akara akara a-class ma ọ bụ ao-class. Dị ka iwu n'ozuzu, ngwaa a-class bụ ngwaa intransitive, ebe ngwaa ao-class bụ ngwaa intransitive. E nso ole na ole, ngwaa na-agafe agafe na-eji prefixes ae-class na ihe a na-egosi ama, mana prefixes a-class nwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ..[3]
- ne-ala-mo kapulu 'Ọ were mma' (enweghị njedebe, prefix ae-class)
- <sp i="">a about="#mwt148" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"mnb"},"2":{"wt":"no-ala-mo kapulu-no"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAk4" title="Muna-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">no-ala-mo kapulu-no 'Ọ were mma ya' (n'ụzọ doro anya, prefix a-class) </sp>
E nwere usoro abụọ nke ihe na-esote, na-egosi ihe ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè na ndị na-adịghị ahụ anya.
| kpọmkwem | na-apụtaghị ìhè | |
|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | -kanau | -kanau |
| 2.sg.fam. | -ko | -angko |
| 2.sg.hon. | -kaeta | -kaeta |
| 3.sg. | -e | -ane |
| 1.du./pl.incl. | --- | --- |
| 1.pl.excl. | -kasami | -kasami |
| 2.pl.fam. | -koomu | -angkoomu |
| 2.pl.hon. | -kaetaamu | -kaetaamu |
| 3.pl. | -da | -anda |
Njikọ nke nsonaazụ abụọ na-e na nsonaazụ ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè + onye nke atọ na-apụghị ịhụ anya -e:
- a-ghumoli-angko-e 'M ga-azụta ya maka gị.'
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ van den Berg (1996). Muna-English dictionary. Leiden: KITLV Press.
- ↑ Donohue (2004). The pretenders to the Muna-Buton group (in en). Pacific Linguistics, 2.8M, 21–36 pages. DOI:10.15144/PL-563.21.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Van de Berg (1989). A Grammar of the Muna Language. Holland: Foris Publications. ISBN 9789067654548. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
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