Asụsụ Mundari
Mundari ( Munɖari ) bụ asụsụ Munda nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke ebo Munda na-asụ na steeti ọwụwa anyanwụ India nke Jharkhand, Odisha na West Bengal na ugwu Rangpur Division nke Bangladesh. [1] Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Santali na Bhumij . [2] Mundari Bani, edemede kpọmkwem iji dee Mundari, bụ Rohidas Singh Nag chepụtara. [3] Edewokwa ya na usoro edemede Devanagari, Odia, Bengali na Latin .
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka ọkà mmụta asụsụ Paul Sidwell (2018) si kwuo, asụsụ Munda nwere ike bịarutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri Odisha site na Indochina ihe dịka 4000-3500 afọ gara aga wee gbasaa mgbe Indo-Aryan kwaga Odisha.
Nkesa ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-asụ Mundari na Khunti, Ranchi, Seraikela Kharsawan na West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum district nke Jharkhand, na na Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Sundargarh district nke Odisha ma ọ dịkarịa ala nde mmadụ 1.1. [4] 500,000 ọzọ, tumadi na Odisha na Assam, ka edekọtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-ekwu "Munda," nwere ike aha ọzọ maka Mundari.
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Toshiki Osada (2008:99), na-ezo aka na Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), depụtara olumba ndị a nke Mundari, nke a na-asụkarị na steeti Jharkhand .
- Hasada ( [hasa-daʔ] ): ọwụwa anyanwụ nke okporo ụzọ Ranchi- Chaibasa
- Naguri ( [naɡuri] ): ọdịda anyanwụ nke okporo ụzọ Ranchi- Chaibasa
- Tamaria ( [tamaɽ-ia] ) ma ọ bụ Latar : mpaghara Panchpargana (Tamar, Bundu, Rahe, Sonahatu, Silli)
- Kera ( [keraʔ] ): agbụrụ Oraon bi na mpaghara obodo Ranchi
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]phonology nke Mundari yiri asụsụ Austroasiatic nwere njikọ chiri anya mana ọ dị iche na nke Indo-Aryan ma ọ bụ Dravidian. Ikekwe mmetụta ụdaume kacha si mba ofesi anọwo na ụdaume. Ebe alaka Austroasiatic dị na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia bara ụba na ụda ụdaume, Mundari nwere naanị ise. Ndepụta consonant nke Mundari yiri asụsụ Austroasiatic ndị ọzọ ma ewezuga consonants retroflex, nke dị ka ọ na-apụta naanị na okwu mbinye ego. (Osada 2008)
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mundari nwere ụdaume ise. All ụdaume nwere ogologo na mkpụmkpụ nakwa dị ka nasalized allophones, ma ọ bụghị ogologo ma ọ bụ nasality bụ iche. Udaume niile dị na monosyllables mepere emepe dị ogologo ogologo karịa nke dị na mkpụrụokwu mechiri emechi, yana ndị na-eso consonants imi ma ọ bụ /ɟ/ na-nasalized. Udaume na-aga ma ọ bụ na-eso /ɳ/ na-nasalized.
| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechie | i | u | |
| N'etiti | e | o | |
| Mepee | a |
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndepụta consonant nke Mundari nwere fọnịm 23 bụ isi. Olumba olu Naguri na Kera gụnyere nkwụsi ike dị ka fọnịm agbakwunyere, ebe a etinyere na mbike.
| Labial | eze | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ihu imi | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | t͡ɕ | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | ( pʰ ) | ( t̪ʰ ) | ( ʈʰ ) | ( t͡ɕʰ ) | ( kʰ ) | ||
| voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | d͡ʑ | ɡ | ||
| Nke na-ese okwu | s̪ | h | |||||
| Odika | w | l | ɽ | j | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||
Ịgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| S.No. | Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | मियद | Miyad | One |
| 2 | बारिया | Baria | Two |
| 3 | आपिया | Apia | Three |
| 4 | उपनिआ | Upnia | four |
| 5 | मोड़ेया | Modea | Five |
| 6 | तुरिया | Turia | Six |
| 7 | एया | Are | Seven |
| 8 | इरलिया | Erlia | Eight |
| 9 | आरेया | Area | Nine |
| 10 | गेलेया | Galea | Ten |
| 11 | Gel Miyad | Eleven | |
| 12 | Gel Bariya | Twelve | |
| 13 | Apiya | Thirteen | |
| 14 | Upuna | Fourteen | |
| 15 | Modeya | Fifteen | |
| 16 | Turiya | Sixteen | |
| 17 | Eya | Seventeen | |
| 18 | Iriliya | Eighteen | |
| 19 | Areya | Nineteen | |
| 20 | Mid Hisi | Twenty | |
| 21 | Hisi Miyad | Twenty-one | |
| 30 | Mid hisi Gel | Thirty | |
| 31 | Hisi Gel Miyad | Thirty-one | |
| 40 | Bar Hisi | Forty | |
| 41 | Bar Hisi Miyad | Forty-one | |
| 50 | Bar Hisi Gel | Fifty | |
| 60 | Aapi Hisi | Sixty | |
| 70 | Aapi Hisi Gel | Seventy | |
| 80 | Upun Hisi | Eighty | |
| 90 | Upun Hisi Gel | Ninety | |
| 100 | Mid Saaye | One hundred | |
| 200 | Bar Saaye | Two hundred | |
| 1000 | Mid Hazar | One thousand | |
| 1,00,000 | Mid Lak | One lakh |
.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Mundari alphabet, pronunciation and description.
- ↑ Mundari Bani.
- ↑ BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language. oneindia.com. Retrieved on 4 April 2018.
- ↑ Mundari. ethnologue.
Isi mmalite
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- (2008) in Anderson: The Munda languages, Routledge Language Family Series 3. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]mmetụta ụdaume kacha si mba ofesi anọwo na ụdaume. Ebe alaka Austroasiatic dị na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia bara ụba na ụda ụdaume, Mundari nwere naanị ise. Ndepụta consonant nke Mundari yiri asụsụ Austroasiatic ndị ọzọ ma ewezuga
- Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: akụkọ ifo nke asụsụ na-enweghị klaasị okwu. Na ụdị asụsụ 9.3, p. 351–390.
- Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari na arụmụka na nyocha okwu-klas. Na ụdị asụsụ 9.3, p. 442–457
- Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari dị ka asụsụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Na ụdị asụsụ 9.3, p. 406–431.
- Newberry, J. (2000). Olumba North Munda: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia . Victoria, BC: J. Newberry. ISBN 0-921599-68-4
- Osada, Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". Na Anderson, Gregory DS (ed). Asụsụ Munda, 99–164. Usoro Ezinụlọ Asụsụ Routledge 3. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X .
Ederede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Johann Hoffmann (1903). Mundari grammar. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved on 25 August 2012.
- J. C. Whitley (1873). A Mundári Primer. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved on 25 August 2012.
- Carl Gustav Rudolph Eduard Alfred Nottrott (1882). Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache. Gütersloh: Druck von C. Bertelsmann. Retrieved on 25 August 2012.
- (1881) Four gospels in Mundari. Bible Society. Retrieved on 25 August 2012.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Akwụkwọ akụkọ Mundari na Ngalaba Linguistics, Mahadum Osnabrueck, Germany
- Map asụsụ zuru ezu nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Nepal, hụ asụsụ #68 na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'akụkụ oke ọwụwa anyanwụ
- http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Ebe nchekwa na ebe ọrụ maka ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view asụsụ Mundari na RWAAI Digital Archive
- https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21031r-mundari.pdf
- https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm
- https://omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm