Asụsụ Nadahup

 

Asụsụ Nadahup', nke a makwaara dị ka Makú (Macú) ma ọ bụ Vaupés–Japurá, na-etolite obere ezinụlọ asụsụ na Brazil, Colombia, na Venezuela. Aha Makú bụ pejorative, nke sitere na okwu Arawakan pụtara "enweghị okwu". Nadahup bụ okwu mkpọ okwu nke asụsụ ndị mejupụtara.

Ezinụlọ Nadahup ekwesịghị inwe mgbagwoju anya na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-akpọ Makú . Enwere atụmatụ ijikọ asụsụ a enweghị nkewa na Nadahup, mana yana asụsụ ndị ọzọ.

Mmekọrịta mpụga

Martins (2005: 342–370) na-achịkọta asụsụ Arawakan na Nadahup ọnụ dịka akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Makúan-Arawakan ( Nadahup-Arawakan ) chọrọ, mana Aikhenvald ajụla atụmatụ a (2006: 237).

Epps na Bolaños (2017) nabatara ịdị n'otu nke asụsụ anọ Nadahup, mana echela na Puinave nwere njikọ.

Mmekọrịta asụsụ

Jolkesky (2016) na-ekwu na e nwere myirịta akwụkwọ ozi na ezinụlọ Arawa, Guahibo, na Tupi n'ihi kọntaktị. Enwere ike ịchọta mkparịta ụka nke akwụkwọ ozi lexical na phonological n'etiti asụsụ Nadahup (Vaupés-Japurá) na Tupi na Jolkesky and Cabral (2011). Asụsụ Nadahup nwekwara okwu mbinye dị iche iche sitere na asụsụ Tucanoan na Nheengatu .

Asụsụ

Nadahup nwere ihe dị ka asụsụ anọ, dabere na nghọtarịta. Nadeb na Kuyawi, Hup na Yahup, na Nukak na Kakwa, n'agbanyeghị, na-ekekọrịta 90% nke okwu ha ma nwee nghọta n'etiti onwe ha, ya mere asụsụ dị iche iche bụ naanị n'echiche mmekọrịta ọha na eze . Alaka anọ ndị a adịghị nso: Ọ bụ ezie na a tụrụ aro ezinụlọ na mbụ na 1906, ọ bụ nanị 300 cognates ka a chọtara, nke gụnyere nnọchiaha ma ọ dịghị ụdị ụtọ asụsụ ọzọ.

kenkowaputa	Ndeb	Hup	Daw	Nịkâk
nna	ʔɨb	ʔip	ʔiːp	ʔiːp (Kakwa ʔip )
akwa	tɨb	tip	tɨp	tip (Kakwa)
mmiri	mi	mĩh	mĩʔ	mah (Kakwa)
eze	təɡᵑ (Kuyaw)	təɡᵑ	təɡ	—
ụlọ	—	mõj	mɔ͂j	mɨ͂

Nadëb nwere ike bụrụ ihe dị iche iche; nke asụsụ ndị ọzọ, enwere nghọtahie na ntinye nke Nikâk . Martins (1999) tụpụtara nhazi ọkwa abụọ, na-eche nyocha ọzọ:

Martins, amụma A

Martins, amụma B

Templeeti:CladeOtú ọ dị, Epps na-ewere Hup na Yahup dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, ma na-ekwusi ike na ntinye nke Nukak na Kakwa na-akwadoghị nke ọma na-egosighi na ọ bụ eziokwu nke ukwuu:

Epps

Jolkesky (2016)

Nhazi nke ime site na Jolkesky (2016):   A na-emegharị ọkwa a na Nikulin (2019).

Ụdị ụdị

Dâw na Hup—karịsịa Hup—emewo nhazigharị ụtọasụsụ n'okpuru mmetụta Tucano . Ha enwekwaghị prefixes mana ha nwetara suffixes sitere na mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa emebere grammatical . Ha nwekwara mgbọrọgwụ monosyllabic nke ukwuu, dị ka enwere ike ịhụ site na mbelata okwu mbinye ego Portuguese na syllable ha siri ike, dị ka na Dâw yẽl' "ego", sitere na Portuguese dinheiro. Nadëb na Nikâk, n'aka nke ọzọ, nwere mgbọrọgwụ polysyllabic. Nïkâk na-enye ohere otu prefix n'otu okwu, ebe Nadëb, nke dị na mpụga mpaghara asụsụ Vaupés, na-enwe prefix na polysynthetic : Ruo prefixes itoolu maka okwu ọ bụla (nke na-adịghị ahụkebe maka Amazon), yana ntinye aha, prepositions, na adverbs.

Mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

Rivet (site na 1920), Kaufman (1994) na Pozzobon (1997) gụnyere Puinave n'ime ezinụlọ. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ekwu na cognate bụ ihe efu.

Henley, Mattéi-Müller na Reid (1996) na-egosi na asụsụ Hodï (nke a makwaara dị ka Yuwana) nwere njikọ.

Puinavean bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Macro-Puinavean chere echiche yana ezinụlọ Arutani – Sape na asụsụ Máku .

Macro-Puinavean gụnyere na ngwaahịa Macro-Tucanoan nke Joseph Greenberg, mana nke a jụrụ n'ụwa niile. Otu ọzọ dị egwu buru ibu bụ Morris Swadesh 's Macro-Makú .

Okwu okwu

Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị a bụ isi okwu maka asụsụ Macú.

gloss	Querarí	Puináve	Curicuriaí	Dóu	Tiquié	Húbde	Yehúbde	Papury	Marahan	Nadëb	Par. Boá-Boá
one	bignõũ	hätämad	méid	méẽ	taĩyába	aihúb		koop		sét hẽ	yavúratíb
two	txénõũ	kán	témid	tubm	mbeʔé	kognáb		powoːbe		pawóp hẽ	magchíg
three	bexkámänõũ	hepeyad	mtaʔneuáp	motuáb	móneguap	moraáb		manap		tamawoob hẽ	hayo
head	uaitíbn	a-huyád	nu	deu-nũ	nú	nu	nũ	nux		nuuh
tooth	mäú	mo-lóg	táki	deu-tógn	tágn	tagn	tagn	tang	yö-tog	tëg	yi-tog
woman	yádn	de	ai	aːĩa	áei	amáidn	aiyab	taei		ỹnh	maria
water	mã	éd	néx	noː	ndé	nde	nde	dex	nahöru	naëng	ugna
fire	tekéd	ndé	behaú	behoː	ndégnho	tegn	tegn	tenghon		tëëg hõõ	tahõ
tobacco	héb	xob	hót	hũúd	hót	hod	hud	hot	exuta	hũũt
jaguar	txamní	yotdam	yám	yampi	yám	ñaám	nyaam	yaam	awat	awad	duvád
tapir	híuibe	yap	táx	tax	dá		ta	ta	tógö	t'ëëng	taígn
house	me	mo	táup	tob	mõi	mói	móĩ	mooi	tob	tób	tóba

Proto-asụsụ

Maka ndepụta nrụzigharị Proto-Eastern Makú ahọpụtara nke Martins (2005), hụ edemede Portuguese kwekọrọ.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). Asụsụ ndị India America: Ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Native America . New York: Oxford University Press. .
• Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Asụsụ na America . Stanford: Mahadum Mahadum Stanford.
• Henley, Pọl; Marie-Claude Mattéi-Müller na Howard Reid (1996): "mmekọrịta omenala na asụsụ nke ndị na-eri nri nke North Amazonia: echiche ọhụrụ"; Antropologica 83: 3–37 . Caracas.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Akụkọ gbasara asụsụ na South America: Ihe anyị maara na otu esi amatakwu. Na DL Payne (Ed.), asụsụ Amazonian: Ọmụmụ n'asụsụ ndịda America dị larịị (p. 13–67). Austin: Mahadum Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3 .
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1992) Guta
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). Asụsụ ala nna nke South America. Na C. Mosley & RE Asher (Eds.), Atlas nke asụsụ ụwa (p. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Pozzobon, Jorge (1997). Langue, société et numération chez les Indiens Makú (Haut Rio Negro, Brésil). Akwụkwọ akụkọ de la Société de Américanistes de París 83: 159–172. Paris.
• Rivet, Paul na Constant Tastevin 1920: "Affinités du Makú et du Puinave"; Akwụkwọ akụkọ de la Société des Américanistes de París, ns t XII: 69–82. Paris.
• Rivet, Pọl; PP Kok na C. Tastevin 1925: "Nouvele contributión a l'étude de la langue Makú; International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 3, n. 24, nkp 129–132. New York.

Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu

• Bolaños, K. (2010). Kakua phonology: ụzọ mbụ . Mahadum Texas dị na Austin.
• Conduff, KW (2006). Diccionario situacional del idioma Nukak . Bogotá: Iglesia Cristiana Nuevos Horizontes.
• Erickson, T.; Erickson, CG (1993). Vocabulario Jupda-Español-Português . Santafé de Bogotá: Asociación Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Maciel, I. (1991). Alguns aspectos fonológicos e morfológicos da língua Máku . Nkà mmụta nna ukwu . Brasilia: Mahadum nke Brasília.
• Martins, V. (1999). Dicionário Nadëb Português / Português Nadëb . (Ihe odide).
• Martins, V. (2005). Reconstrução Fonológica na Protomaku Oriental . Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. (Nka mmụta doctoral).
• Ramirez, H. (2006). A Língua dos Hupd'äh do Alto Rio Negro: dicionário e guia de conversação . São Paulo: Associação Saúde Sem Limites.
• Migliazza, EC (1965). Fonología Makú. Boletim na MPEG . Antropología, 25:1-17 .
• Mattei-Müller, M. (nd). Vocabulario Comparativo Castellano-Kakwa Vaupes-Guaviare-Hodï . (Ihe odide).

Njikọ mpụga

• Ndepụta Okwu Hup (sitere na ebe nchekwa data ego mba ụwa)