Asụsụ Neveʻei

 

Neve'ei ( ), makwaara dị ka Vinmavis, bụ asụsụ Oceanic nke etiti Malekula, Vanuatu . Enwere ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu mbụ nke Neve'ei 500 yana ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 750 na mkpokọta.

Jill Musgrave kọwara Neveʻei na nke mbụ ya, na otu akwụkwọ akụkọ e bipụtara na 2007: A ụtọ ụtọ nke Neveʻei, Vanuatu . Akwụkwọ a bụ isi iyi maka data na nyocha n'okpuru.

Aha asụsụ

Aha ọdịnala nke asụsụ a, nke ndị na-asụ ochie matara bụ Neveʻei. Otu ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na Neveʻei anaghị eji aha ọdịnala na ụfọdụ amabeghị ya. Ndị na-asụ obodo na-akpọkarị asụsụ ha Nabusian teget nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "asụsụ anyị" na na Bislama a na-akpọ asụsụ (Neve'ei) Lanwis Vinmavis "asụsụ Vinmavis". Neveʻei bụ aha ọdịnala maka asụsụ; Vinmavis bụ aha otu n’ime obodo ndị a na-asụ asụsụ ahụ (Lynch na Crowley 2001:83).

fonology

Ndepụta ekwentị

Neve'ei nwere ụdaume ise na consonants iri abụọ:

Ụdaume ụdaume

	N'ihu	Azu
Elu	i	u
N'etiti	e	o
Dị ala	a

Igwe okwu consonant

		Labio-velar	Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Ihu imi			m	n	ŋ
Kwụsị	Enweghị olu			t	k	ʔ
	Ekwuru		b	d	g
Nke na-ese okwu			v	s	x	h
N'akụkụ				l
Mpịakọta				ɾ
Mmanya		w			j

Site n'iji ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa, ụdị ngwa ekwentị dị otú ahụ na-ekewa Neve'ei na nkezi nso gbasara ụdaume (5-6) yana gbasara consonants (22 ± 3). Usoro consonant-ụdaume na-ekewa Neve'ei na eriri dị ala.

Mgbe mkpọaha na-adịghị agwụ agwụ bi n'isi nkebi ahịrịokwu, ndị nwere postmodifiers, ndị na-ekpebi na ọtụtụ postmodifiers bụ naanị postmodifiers na-arụ ọrụ. Ya mere, ha na-agbaso usoro ndị a:

Mkpọ okwu na-akaghị agwụ agwụ

Musgrave ( 2007, p. 62 ) na-egosipụta ihe atụ nke ihe owuwu a dị ka ndị a: nnochite anya na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nusutwan na-ebute ụzọ nwere postmodifier ter na ọtụtụ postmodifier ar .  

Postmodifiers nwere aha

Aha ndị nwere n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya enweghị ike ị were suffix nwere, ya mere na-ewere ụdị modifier nwe kama kama. A na-ahụ ọmụmaatụ nke a na ụtọ ụtọ Musgrave (2007 ).  

Ihe owuwu nwere mgbagwoju anya

Akwụkwọ ụtọasụsụ Musgrave (2007) mere ka a mara na Neveʻei, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ, nwere ụdị ihe onwunwe abụọ bụ isi, nke na-apụtachaghị ìhè na nke na-apụtachaghị ìhè. Ihe owuwu ihe onwunwe na-egosi ka asụsụ sirila pụọ n'ụkpụrụ ụtọ asụsụ sitere na usoro asụsụ Proto Oceanic na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Vanuatu. Otu ihe dị iche iche amatara na ụtọ asụsụ Musgrave ( 2007 ) bụ na Neveʻei anaghị echekwa ụdị ihe nwere ntuzi aka dị iche iche na ụdị ihe nwere ya na-ebelata ka ọ bụrụ ndị nwere aha otu, na-emegide usoro Proto Oceanic.

Ihe owuwu nwere ozugbo

Dịka ekwuru na mbụ, ọ bụrụ na aha nwere kpọmkwem nwere onye nwe aha, n'ụdị arụrụ ya, onye nwe ya na-agbaso aha ndị nwere kpọmkwem. Aha ndị a nwere kpọmkwem nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya n'etiti onye nrụtụ aka nke aha onye nwere na onye nwe ya, nke a na-akpọ ihe onwunwe na-agaghị ekwe omume (Musgrave, 2007) . Mmekọrịta a na-apụghị ịpụ apụ na-akọwa ọnọdụ mgbe aha nwere adịghị adị iche na onye nwe ya. E gosipụtara echiche a site na usoro a:

ONYE nwere aha + POSSESSOR NOUN + ( ONYE POSSESSOR NOUN MODIFIERS ) + (NWA POSSESSED NOUN POSTMODIFIERS)

N'ihi ya, ọ dịghị postmodifiers nke aha nwere kpọmkwem nwere ike ịbata n'etiti ya na onye nwe ya.

Ọtụtụ mgbe ndị edemede nke alienable nwe ihe owuwu metụtara ikwu / mmekọrịta okwu, akụkụ nke a osisi, aru akụkụ nke mmadụ na anụmanụ wdg E depụtara ihe atụ si Musgrave ( 2007, p. 71 ) n'okpuru.

	Nne'i	Bekee
Ezinụlọ	na'aibi-n na-n tabi-n	'nwa nwa' 'nwa' 'nna nna
Akụkụ ahụ anụmanụ/mmadụ	na'adle-n na-avera-n neleme-n	'akwa (nke nnụnụ ma ọ bụ nduru, roe (nke azụ)'' 'nku' 'asụsụ'
Akụkụ osisi	na'ansemwe-n nokhora-n netevi-n	'stem (nke akwukwo, nkpuru) 'mgbọrọgwụ' 'Otu (nke osisi)'
Ngwaahịa anụ ahụ	nemakha-n nemwetebwe-n	'urine' 'excrement'

Enwere ike ibugharị aha onye nwe ya na mmalite nke ihe owuwu ihe iji gosipụta aha aha ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị postmodifier n'azụ aha onye nwere na-adabere n'ogo nke animacy, yabụ ndị nwere anụrị (dịka anụmanụ na mmadụ) na-ekwe ka aha nwere ya soro ma ọ bụ na-etinyeghị aka na postmodifiers. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, osisi na osisi wdg na-ewere dị ka obere animate ya mere onye postmodifier ga-agbaso aha onye nwe ya wee buru aha nwere. Usoro abụọ na-akọwa ihe owuwu ndị a dị ndụ n'okpuru ( Musgrave, 2007, p. 72 ):

• Nke ukwuu animate: POSSESSOR NOUN+ (POSSESSOR NOUN POSTMODIFIERS)

( Musgrave, 2007, p. 72 )

• Obere animate: [ POSSESSOR NOUN + POSSESSOR POSTMODIFIERS + ONYE POSSESSED NOUN + (Enwetara aha POSTMODIFIERS) 

Ihe owuwu ihe na-apụtachaghị ìhè

N'otu aka ahụ na mmekọrịta a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke aha nwere suffixed ozugbo, aha ndị nwere n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya nwekwara ike ịmalite mmekọrịta a na-apụghị ịpụ apụ. Eziokwu a ga-egosi na enwere ndakọrịta n'etiti njirimara ntụgharị uche nke mmekọrịta dịpụrụ adịpụ na nke a na-apụghị ịpụ apụ.

Ihe atụ ndị a sitere na Musgrave ( 2007, p. 73 ) na-egosi aha ndị nwere aha na-apụtaghị ìhè nke a na-atụ anya na ha ga-eme ka mmekọrịta chiri anya ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta na-enweghị isi na ndị nwere aha ha.

• Mamwe – 'nna, nwa nwanne nwanne nna'
• Mamwilam – 'ọkpara nna'
• Nang - 'nne, nwanne nne nne, nwunye nwa nwa nwanne nna'
• Nang tokhtokh - 'nwanne nne nke okenye'

Mgbe aha nwere n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya nwere onye nwe ya, ọ na-ebute postmodifier nwere ikike. Agbanyeghị, enwere nsonaazụ abụọ maka ihe owuwu nwere mgbe aha enweghị aha na-ewere onye nwere aha.

N'ime ihe owuwu nke mbụ, onye nwe postmodifier na-ekwenye na ọnụọgụ nke aha onye nwe ya, na-eme ka mmekọrịta semantic dị anya ma ọ bụ nke dịpụrụ adịpụ, dịka aha nwere ya dị n'adabereghị na onye nwe ya (ihe onwunwe nke ọchịchị). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ( Musgrave, 2007, p. 73 ):   POSSESSOR NOUN + (POSTMODIFIERS) + NOUN + POSSESSIVE POSTMODIFIER   Ihe owuwu ọzọ nwere ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè gụnyere nen nwere akara, nke na-eme otu ihe na onye nrụpụta . Usoro a na-egosi na a na-ahụ nen n'etiti aha onye nwere na onye nwe ya.

Ihe owuwu ndị a na-emetụtakarị otu usoro ọmụmụ ihe: mmekọrịta ebumnuche, mmekọrịta omume na inwe akụkụ ahụ. N'ihe atụ na-esonụ sitere na Musgrave ( 2007, p. 75 ), aha nwere aha bụ mmadụ na aha onye nwe ya na-arụ ọrụ:

Ọ bụ ezie na akụkụ ahụ ụfọdụ nwere aha kpọmkwem, akụkụ ahụ ụfọdụ (dị ka akụkụ ahụ dị n'ime, exudation nke anụ ahụ wdg) bụ aha nwere aha na-apụtachaghị ìhè ma na-emetụtakarị mmekọrịta semantic alienable. Mbula. Ọrụ ozi malitere n'afọ 1884 ma ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Mbula na-akọwapụta onwe ha ugbu a dị ka Ndị Kraịst. A na-edobe ụfọdụ omenala site n'okpukpe agbụrụ; Nke kacha n’ime ha bụ ndị gbasara ịgba afa, anwansi ọcha na ịgba afa. A na-amata ụdị anwansi abụọ n'ozuzu n'etiti ndị na-ekwu okwu, naborou, Amụma ịhụnanya bara uru nke ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa na-eji na-achụ ụmụ agbọghọ na yaamba, ụdị anwansi dị nwayọọ na-ebibi ihe bụ́ nke a na-eji akọcha ma merụọ ndị ọzọ ahụ́. Ụdị nke atọ, pu, a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe kachasị njọ, nke a na-eji naanị igbu ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ ndị mmadụ.Mbula. Ọrụ ozi malitere n'afọ 1884 ma ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Mbula na-akọwapụta onwe ha ugbu a dị ka Ndị Kraịst. A na-edobe ụfọdụ omenala site n'okpukpe agbụrụ; Nke kacha n’ime ha bụ ndị gbasara ịgba afa, anwansi ọcha na ịgba afa. A na-amata ụdị anwansi abụọ n'ozuzu n'etiti ndị na-ekwu okwu, naborou, Amụma ịhụnanya bara uru nke ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa na-eji na-achụ ụmụ agbọghọ na yaamba, ụdị anwansi dị nwayọọ na-ebibi ihe bụ́ nke a na-eji akọcha ma merụọ ndị ọzọ ahụ́. Ụdị nke atọ, pu, a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe kachasị njọ, nke a na-eji naanị igbu ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ ndị mmadụ.   ( Musgrave, 2007, p. 75 )

Ntụaka

• Ngwaahịa Consonant. (2013). N'Ụwa Atlas nke Ọdịdị Asụsụ . Ewepụtara na http://wals.info/chapter/1
• Lynch & Crowley, 2001, Asụsụ Vanuatu: Nnyocha ọhụrụ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ . Mahadum Mba Ọstrelia.
• Musgrave, J. (2007). Ụtọasụsụ nke Neve'ei, Vanuatu . Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
• Holger Diesel. 2013. Ọdịiche dị anya na ngosi. Na: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Ọ dị na ntanetị na http://wals.info/chapter/41 )
• Lynch, Ross & Crowley, 2011, Asụsụ Oceanic . Routledge.

Ihe ndetu

• Ntụaka sitere na: Musgrave, J. (2007). Ụtọasụsụ nke Neve'ei, Vanuatu . Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.