Asụsụ Nganasan
The Nganasan language (a na-akpọbu тавгийский, tavgiysky, ma ọ bụ тавгийско-самоедский na Rọshịa; site na ethnonym тавги, tavgi) bụ asụsụ Samoyedic na-anwụ anwụ nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 30 n'ime ndị Nganasan na-asụ, bụ ndị si na Taymyr Peninsula dị na ugwu Siberia, bikarịa n'obodo Ust-Avam, Volochanka, na Novaya dị na Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District nke Krasnoyarsk Krai, ebe ndị mmadụ pere mpe bi na obodo Dudinka na Norilsk. Ọ pụtara ìhè maka njirimara ya pụrụ iche n'etiti asụsụ Samoyedic, yana n'etiti asụsụ Uralic ka ukwuu.
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nganasan bụ asụsụ kachasị dị iche na ngalaba Samoyedic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Uralic (Janhunen 1998). E nwere olumba abụọ bụ isi, Avam (авамский говор, avamsky govor) na Vadeyev (Russian: вадеевский говор, romanized: vadeyevsky govor). A pụrụ ịchọpụta akụkụ nke okwu ndị a na-amaghị na ihe ndị sitere na substrate, nke ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ karịa na Nganasan karịa na asụsụ Samoyedic ndị ọzọ dị ka Nenets ma ọ bụ Enets, ha enweghịkwa ihe yiri asụsụ Tungusic na Yukaghir dị nso. Isi mmalite nke substrate a ka bụ ihe omimi ruo ugbu a. O kwere omume na substrate a na-anọchite anya ihe akaebe ikpeazụ fọdụrụ nke asụsụ Paleo-Siberian a na-asụbu na Taymyr Peninsula, nke Nganasan mechara dochie..[1]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nganasan nwere ụdaume 10 na ụdaume ụdaume 21 [2].
Mkpụrụedemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | gbara gburugburu | |||
| N'akụkụ | i | y | ɨ | u |
| N'etiti | e | ə | o | |
| Emeghe | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | a | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | |
Ọtụtụ usoro disyllabic nke ụdaume nwere ike:
| Mkpụrụ okwu nke Abụọ | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Elu | N'etiti | Ala Dị Ala | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.- | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.- | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.- | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.- | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. |
| -Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | -Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | -Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | -Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | -Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.- | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | |||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.- | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | na-adị | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.- | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | ||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.- | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. |
Usoro /iai/ na /Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found./ na-apụta, mana ọ bụ naanị gafee ókèala morpheme.[3]
Mkpụrụedemede Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. na Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. na-apụta naanị na nkeji okwu mbido.[3][2]
Vowels can be divided two pairs of groups based on harmony: front Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. vs back Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found., and unrounded Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. vs rounded Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.. Backness harmony only applies to high vowels.[3]
Mkpụrụedemede ihu anaghị apụta mgbe ụdaume ezé mbụ gasịrị.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. anaghị apụta mgbe ụdaume palatal gasịrị, ebe ọ bụ na ha nọ n'ihu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found., ọ bụ ezie na nke mbụ n'ime ndị a na-eme naanị na mkpụrụedemede mmalite okwu.
/ia/ anaghị apụta mgbe ụdaume palatal gasịrị, ebe a na-egbochi ya na Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found..
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. anaghị apụta mgbe ụdaume egbugbere ọnụ gasịrị, ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbanyeghị ya na Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. n'ọnọdụ a.
Mkpụrụ okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Otu n'ime isi ihe ndị dị na Nganasan bụ akara ụdaume, nke na-emetụta ụdaume Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. na-agbanwere na Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. na njikọta imi ha /ŋh, nt,表演, ns/ na /mb, nd, bg, ɲɟ/ .
| Bilabial | Ezé / Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | enweghị olu | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| kwuru okwu | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | ala dị larịị | ð | h | |||
| <small id="mwAbQ">sibilant</small> | s | sʲ | ||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Ihe atụ | etiti | j | ||||
| n'akụkụ | l | lʲ | ||||
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. bụ tupu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. na Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.[3]
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. nwere allophone Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. n'ihu ụdaume ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na a pụkwara inyocha nke a dị ka allophone "na-adịghị ahụkebe" nke Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. nwere allophone Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. mgbe ọ na-anọghị n'ihu ụdaume
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. na-agbanye na Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. intervocalically
Orthography
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E mepụtara mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Cyrillic nke asụsụ ahụ n'afọ ndị 1990:
| A na | B b | N'ime | G g | D | E | ё | J |
| Z | Ž (З̆ з̆) | Na na | Y й | Ugboro ole na ole | K na | L | M m |
| N'ihi ya | Nkọwa | Banyere | Ihe ndị ọzọ | P | R | Site na | T. |
| N'ime ya | Ugboro ole na ole | F | H x | C. | Onye ọ bụla | Sh | Щ щ |
| Ъ ъ | Ọ bụ | Ọ dị | E E. | Ọ bụ na | Yu | Mụ onwe m |
| Asụsụ Cyrillic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | Na | G | D | E | Ọ bụ | J | Z | Zụ | Ihe Ndị Dị n'Otu | Y | Ugboro ole na ole | K | L | M | N | Ọdịdị | O | Ihe ndị ọzọ | P | R | S | T | Ihe onwunwe | Ugboro Ugboro | F | H | C | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ọchịchọ | Ы | Ọ dị | E | Ọ bụ | Yu | Mụ onwe m |
| na | b | na | G | d | e | ё | E mesịa, e mesịa, | Z | Ž | na | ya | na | л | m | na | Ọdịdị | banyere | ө | p | r | site na | ndị ọzọ | na | ya | f | x | ц | Onye | ш | щ | ъ | ы | Ihe ndị ọzọ | E. | na | Jọ | Mụ onwe m | |
| <b id="mwAps">IPA</b>[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | v | g | d | M na-eme | jo | ʒ | z | ð | i | j | ʔ | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | p | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-eme ka a mara yaɾ | s | t | u | y | f | x | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ʃ | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | - | ɨ | ʲ | e | ə | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. |
Ọdịdị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aha na Nganasan nwere ụdị ụtọ asụsụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ (otu, abụọ, ọtụtụ), ikpe (nominative, genitive, accusative, lative, locative, elative, prolative, comitative) na possessivity (ụdị na-abụghị nke nwere na nke nwere). Nganasan enweghị ihe na-ekpebi ihe; Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji ụdị onye nke abụọ na onye nke atọ mee ihe iji gosipụta nkọwa.[11]
| Otu | Abụọ | Ọtụtụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aha | Ø | -KƏJ | -ʔ |
| Ebubo | Ø ~ (-M) | -KI | -J |
| Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa | Ø ~ (-Ŋ) | -KI | -ʔ |
| Ihe oriri | - N'ihi ya | - | -NTI-ʔ |
| Ebe obibi | -NTƏ-NU | - | -NTI-NU |
| Ihe na-eme ka mmadụ ghara ịdị mma | -KƏ-TƏ | - | -KI-TƏ, ~KI-TI-ʔ |
| Mgbasawanye | -MƏ-NU | - | -ʔ-MƏ-NU |
Aha nnọchiaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nganasan nwere nnọchiaha onwe onye, nke na-, nke na na-ajụ ajụjụ, nke na nke na-ekpebi ihe. A naghị agbanwe nnọchiaha onwe onye: ụdị okwu ha na-adaba, a na-egosikwa ụdị okwu ha site na ụdị ndị kwekọrọ na postposition na-. A na-agbanwe nnọchiaha ndị ọzọ dị ka aha (Helimski, 1998).
| Aha, Gen, Acc | Ihe kpatara ya | Ebe obibi | Ịkụziri ndị mmadụ ihe | Mgbasawanye | Aha nnọchiaha + clitics | Nkọwa okwu ndị na-ekwusi ike | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sg1 | N'etiti ndị mmadụ | nanə | nanunə | Nọnwa | namənunə | mɨljianə | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |
| Sg2 | Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme | Ntinye aka | nanuntə | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ | namənuntə | tɨljiatə | ŋonəntə |
| Sg3 | sɨtɨ | Nantu | nanuntu | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ | namənuntu | sɨljiatɨ | ŋonəntu |
| Du1 | m | nani | nanuni | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị | namənuni | mɨljiani | Jigonəni |
| Du2 | gị | N'ihi ya | nanunti | naglanet | namənundi | tɨljiati | ŋonənti |
| Du3 | sɨti | N'ihi ya | nanunti | naglanet | namənundi | sɨljiati | ŋonənti |
| Pl1 | mɨŋ | nanuʔ | nanunuʔ | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'ihi na | namənunuʔ | mɨljianɨʔ | ŋonənuʔ |
| Pl2 | tɨŋ | nanduʔ | nanuntuʔ | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n"ụzọ dị mfe | namənunduʔ | tɨljiatiʔ | ŋonəntuʔ |
| Pl3 | sɨtɨŋ | nanduŋ | nanuntuŋ | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri | namənunduŋ | sɨljiatɨŋ | ŋonəntuŋ |
Ngwaa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngwaa na-ekwekọrịta na isiokwu ha n'onwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ, ma nwee ụdị njikọ atọ. Dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Samoyedic, Nganasan nwere mmegide nke ngwaa zuru oke na nke na-ezughị oke.
Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-eji njikọ uche eme ihe mgbe enweghị ihe ma ọ bụ ihe ahụ lekwasịrị anya. A na-eji njikọ ebumnuche eme ihe na okwu ndị na-agafe agafe. A na-eji conjugation reflexive eme ihe maka ụfọdụ ngwaa intransitive. Ụdị njikọ ọ bụla nwere njedebe nke ya. E nwere ụdị atọ nke njedebe nke njikọ ebumnuche nke kwekọrọ na nọmba ihe.
| Echiche | Ihe Ebumnuche | Ihe Na-enweghị Ihe | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| otu ihe | ihe abụọ | ọtụtụ ihe | |||
| 1Sg | -m | -mə | -kəi-j-nə | -j-nə | -nə |
| 2Sg | -ŋ | -rə | -kəi-j-tə | -j-tə | -ŋ |
| 3Sg | ø | -ị | -kəi-j-tu | -j-ị | -ʔ ma ọ bụ -tə |
| 1Du | -mi | -mi | -kəi-j-ni | -j-ni | -ni |
| 2Du | -ri | -ri | -kəi-j-ti | -j-ti | -nti |
| 3Du | -kəj | -ði | -kəi-j-ti | -j-ti | -nti |
| 1Pl | -muʔ | -muʔ | -kəi-j-nuʔ | -j-nuʔ | -nuʔ |
| 2Pl | -ruʔ | -ruʔ | -kəi-j-tu | -j-ị | -Ntụziaka |
| 3Pl | -ʔ | -tuŋ | -kəi-j-tuŋ | -j-tuŋ | -ntəʔ |
Obi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nganasan nwere ụdị mmetụta dị ukwuu nke nwere ụdị itoolu: ihe na-egosi, ihe dị mkpa, ajụjụ, inferential, renarrative, irrealis, optative, admissive-cohortive, debitive, abessive na prohibitive. A na-ejikarị aka na-etinye ihe eme ihe ma a na-ejikwa ihe pụrụ iche eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ. Ụdị ọnọdụ niile, ma e wezụga imperative, nwere otu nsonaazụ onwe onye. A na-ahụ mmetụta dị iche iche n'ụdị ihe ngosi, ihe dị mkpa na nke ajụjụ (Terechenko, 1979).
Ọdịdị na oge
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọtụtụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ezughị oke na nke zuru oke nwere otu mgbọrọgwụ, mana n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, mgbọrọgwụ nwere ike ịdị iche. Esemokwu dị n'etiti ngwaa ezughi oke na nke zuru oke na-anọgide na-abụ okwu n'ọtụtụ ụdị okwu. Otú ọ dị, n'ọnọdụ na-egosi, a na-eji ya egosipụta ihe na-aga n'ihu na ihe zuru oke, n'otu n'otu. N'okwu a, mmegide dị n'ụzọ doro anya: ngwaa ezughị oke na-ewere nsonaazụ ezughị oke ma ndị zuru oke nwere nsonaazụ zuru oke (Helimski, 1998). Ngwaa ezughi oke nwekwara ike igosipụta ihe ọ ga-ekwu n'ọdịnihu. A naghị ele ụdị ndị a anya dị ka ihe dị egwu n'echiche siri ike. Ụdị oge kwesịrị ekwesị nke oge gara aga na ọdịnihu gụnyere oge gara aga, oge gara aga zuru oke, ọdịnihu, ọdịnihu n'oge gara aga (Katzschmann, 2008).
Ụdị ngwaa na-enweghị njedebe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Ọzụzụ | Ihe Nlereanya | |
|---|---|---|
| Akụkụ dị ugbu a | S1'-NTUə (-NCx) (-Px) | koðutuə "nke na-egbu ~ nke a na-egbu" |
| Ihe omuma nke mbu | S1-SUə-Djə (-NCx) (-Px) | kotudjüədjəə "nke gburu ~ nke e gburu" |
| Akụkụ ọdịnihu | S1'-ʔSUTə (-NCx) (-Px) | koðuʔsutə "nke ga-egbu ~ nke a ga-egbu" |
| Akụkụ ọdịnihu n'oge gara aga | S1'-ʔSUTə-Djə (-NCx) (-Px | koðuʔədsutjəə "nke ga-egbu ~ nke ga-egbu" |
| Akụkụ na-adịghị mma | S1-MəTUMA̩ʔ (-NCx) (-Px) | kotumətumaʔa "nke na-adịghị egbu ~ nke a na-egbughị" |
| Preterite abessive participle | S1-MəTUMA̩ʔA̩[[NCx]] (-Px) | kotumətumaʔdjəə "nke na-egbughị ~ nke a na-egbu egbughị" |
| Akụkụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ | S1-Mə (-NCx) (-Px) | kotuməə "gburu" |
| Ntinye aka na-adịghị arụ ọrụ | S1-Mə-Djə (-NCx) (-Px) | kotuməədjə "nke e gburu" |
| Ọzụzụ | Ihe Nlereanya | |
|---|---|---|
| Okwu mkparịta ụka | S1-SA | kotudja 'egbu egbu', njisɪ̈ kotudja "egbughị egbu" |
| Okwu ngwaa nke na-ebute ụzọ ozugbo | S1-KAJ-SA | kotugasja "n'ịbụ onye ka gburu" |
| Okwu ihu ọha na-emetụta oge | S1-HÜʔ (-Px4) | kotubüʔ " (ma ọ bụrụ na ~ mgbe) igbu', kotubɪ̈nə 'ma ọ bụrụ ~ mgbe m gburu", wdg. |
| Okwu ihu na ihu | S1-HÜʔ-ə (-Cx)) -Px) | 'kotubüʔəmə' "mgbe e gburu ya', kotubüʂəmə "mgbe m gburu ya", wdg. |
| Okwu ihu ọha na-emetụta ọdịnihu | S1-HÜʔ-NÜ-Px2 | kotubününə "ọ bụrụ na m ga-egbu" |
| Ọzụzụ | Ihe Nlereanya | |
|---|---|---|
| Aha na-ezughị oke | S1-MUN (-Cx) (-Px) | kotumu
sG kotumunə hireə "igbu mmadụ uru" sLat niimsiəm kotomundə "Atụla m egwu igbu mmadụ" sEla + s1 kotumu (ng) ətənə "ka m ghara igbu", wdg. |
| Aha okwu zuru oke | (S3/S1') -ʔMUə (-Cx) (-Px) | koðaʔmuə ~ koðuʔmuə
sLoc + s1 koðaʔmuəntə "ebe m gburu", wdg. |
| Aha a na-akpọ tupu oge eruo | S1'-NTU (-Cx) (-Px) | koðutu
sLat koðutundə "mgbe e gburu ya" "mgbe m gburu" |
| Nri na-adọrọ adọrọ | S1'-NAKə (-Px2) | kotunakə
s3 kotunagətu "maka igbu", wdg. |
Nchịkọta okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro okwu kachasị na Nganasan bụ isiokwu-ihe-okwu (SOV), yiri asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Samoyedic. Otú ọ dị, a na-ewere Nganasan dị ka onye na-egosipụta nnwere onwe karịa n'usoro okwu karịa asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke otu ya. Dị ka Terechenko (1979), a na-eji ụdị iwu okwu ndị ọzọ eme ihe maka ịgbanwe uche nke ahịrịokwu, ọkachasị n'okwu siri ike. Ihe a na-elekwasị anya na-ebute ngwaa ozugbo. Wagner-Nagy (2010) na-atụ aro na Nganasan yiri Hungarian n'omume ya, n'ihi na usoro okwu ya na-ekpebi site na ihe ndị dị irè kama idozi ya.
N'ogo nke ahịrịokwu, àgwà ndị dị n'ime ahịrịokwu aha na-ebute aha ma na-elekwasị anya mgbe etinye ya n'azụ ya. Nọmba na adjectives kwekọrọ na isi na ikpe, adjectives ekwekwara na isi na ọnụ ọgụgụ. Nkwekọrịta ikpe ahụ zuru ezu naanị n'ọnọdụ ụtọ asụsụ; n'ọnọdụ locative, àgwà ahụ na-enweta ụdị genitive. Enweghị prepositions na Nganasan, postpositions bụ akụkụ dị iche iche nke okwu ma chọọkwa àgwà na genitive cases. A na-egosipụta nnweta site na mmepụta genitive ma ọ bụ site na nsonaazụ nke na-ejikọta ya na onye nwere (Helimski, 1998; Katzschmann, 2008).
Nganasan bụ asụsụ na-akwado drop; a na-ahapụkarị ndị nnọchiaha mgbe ụdị ngwaa conjugation bụ nke uche (Terechenko, 1979).
Ịgọnahụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-egosipụta nkwenye dị mma site na enyemaka na-adịghị mma (ńi-) na-esote ngwaa bụ isi n'ụdị connegative nke a na-eji ʔ, dịka ńi-ndɨ-m konɨʔ "A gaghị m". A na-ewere akara ntụgharị niile site na enyemaka negation (Gusev, 2015). Enwere ike itinye ihe n'ụdị nnọchiaha onwe onye, nke na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ nke na-egosi n'etiti onye enyemaka na-adịghị njọ na ngwaa bụ isi (Wagner-Nagy, 2011). E nwere ngwaa ole na ole na-adịghị mma ma e wezụga ni-, dị ka kasa - "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ", Lüði - "n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi", əku - "ma eleghị anya", mana ọrụ ha bụ nke a machibidoro, naanị ni- nwere ụkpụrụ zuru ezu.
A na-agbagha ahịrịokwu existential na-adịghị mma d'aŋku ma ọ bụ isi ya d'anguj-. Enwere ike iji D'aŋku mee ihe naanị n'ihe ngosi ugbu a dịka ọ na-akpa àgwà dị ka aha: ọ na-ewe njedebe okwu. A na-eji D'anguj- (ihe mejupụtara d'aŋku na ij- "bụ") eme ihe maka njikọta oge / ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ niile.
Ịdị n'okpuru
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ejikarị ụdị okwu na-enweghị njedebe eme ihe n'okpuru. A na-etinyekarị ihe owuwu ndị dị otú ahụ n'ihu ndị ha na-agbanwe. A na-etinye ihe owuwu ahụ ozugbo n'ihu ihe owuwu gbanwere, ebe ụdị ihe owuwu ndị ọzọ na-enye ohere ka ndị ọzọ gbochie. Usoro okwu n'ụdị iwu dị otú ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ dị na ahịrịokwu dị mfe (Terechenko, 1973).
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ejikarị ụda olu eme ihe. Mgbe ụfọdụ, enwere ike iji nnọchiaha na adverbial derivatives mee ihe dị ka njikọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji ngwaa ŋonə 'nakwa' mee ihe dị ka njikọ. Ụdị njikọ nwere ike ịbụ na-aga n'ihu n'okpuru mmetụta nke Russian (Terechenko, 1973).
Mmụta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Agụmakwụkwọ iwu kwadoro adịghị maka ndị Nganasan ruo n'afọ ndị 1930. Ya mere, ha amaghị akwụkwọ ruo mgbe ahụ. Ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndị Nganasans na-asụ Russian; a na-asụrụ Russian n'ozuzu ya agaghị abụ na Russian. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-abụ pidgin a na-akpọ Taimyr Pidgin Russian ma ọ bụ Govorka.
E hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ na Dudinka na 1920. Mgbe a tọrọ ntọala ya, obodo nta ndị ọzọ malitere inwe ụlọ akwụkwọ. A kụziiri Russian dị ka asụsụ bụ isi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị a, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi na nchịkwa chọrọ ime ka ndị mmadụ bụrụ ndị Russia, kamakwa n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-asụ Nganasan kama ide ya ruo n'afọ 1980.
N'ụlọ akwụkwọ, enwere ụfọdụ ihe mmụta maka ụfọdụ ọgbọ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ Volochanka na-amụta asụsụ ha naanị ugboro abụọ n'izu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ Ust'ye Avam enweghịzi klas a, ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ha mechiri mgbe ọkụ gbara ya na 2012. [5]
Mgbasa ozi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 2019, prọfesọ Beáta Wagner-Nagy, onye rụrụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na Taimyr, kọrọ ihe ndị a: Redio Taimyr (dị ka nke afọ 2025 ọ nwekwara aha "Redio Rossii Taimyr", akụkụ nke VGTRK), na ụlọ ọrụ ya na Dudinka nwere mgbasa ozi ha n'asụsụ Nganasan kwa ụbọchị kemgbe 1990, mana mmemme ndị a dị naanị nkeji 10-15. Pasent 24 nke Nganasan na-ege ntị na mmemme redio; ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ chọrọ ma ha enweghị redio. Enweghị mgbasa ozi TV na Nganasan. Kemgbe afọ 1993, akwụkwọ akụkọ Taimyr (nke a gbanwere aha ya site na Sovetsky Taimyr na njedebe nke CPSU na mwepụ nke usoro ọchịchị a na-akpọ mba Soviet) anọwo na-ebipụta akụkọ na akụkọ ndị ọzọ na Nganasan.[5]
Akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Gusev, V. (2015) Nkwupụta na Nganasan. Na Miestamo, M., Tamm, A., Wagner-Nagy, B. (ed.) Negation in Uralic Languages, 103-312. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. .
- Helimski, Eugene. (1994). Nchịkọta nke морфонология na okwu na-agbanwe agbanwe nke asụsụ Nganashan. Akwụkwọ edemede asụsụ nke ndị mmadụ (1), 190-221.
- Helimski, Eugene. (1998) Nganasan. Na Abondolo, Daniel (ed.), The Uralic Languages, 480-515. London: Routledge.
- Katzschmann (2008). Chrestomathia Nganasanica: Texte - Übersetzung - Glossar - Grammatik ; Bearbeitung der "Nganasanskaja folʹklornaja chrestomatija", zusammengestellt von Kazis I. Labanauskas unter Berücksichtigung des "Slovarʹ nganasansko-russkij i russko-nganasanskij". Norderstedt: Books on Demand GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8370-1121-0.
- Kortt (1985). Wörterverzeichnis der Nganasanischen Sprache. Berlin: Systemata Mundi. ISBN 3-925500-00-6.
- Terechenko, N.M. (1986) Alfabit nke asụsụ Nganasan, na Skorik P.A. (ed.), asụsụ Paleo-Aziat, Leningrad: Nauka.
- Terechenko, N.M. (1979) Asụsụ Naganas, Leningrad: Nauka.
- Terechenko, N.M. (1973) Nchịkọta asụsụ ndị Samodia, Leningrad: Nauka.
- Wagner-Nagy, B. (2002) Chrestomathia Nganasanica. (Studia Uralo-Altaica: Supplementum 10) Szeged. ISBN 963-482-588-5.
- Wagner-Nagy, B. (2010) Existential and possessive predicate phrases in Nganasan. Na Gusev, V. na Widmer, A., Finnisch-Ugrische Mitteilungen, 32/33. Hamburg: Buske.
- Wagner-Nagy, B. (2011) Na ụdị nke negation na Ob-Ugric na Samoyedic asụsụ (MSFOu 262). Helsinki: SUS
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] A grammar of Nganasan (Mpịakọta 6). Ọ dị mma.
Edemsibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Хелимский - Самодийская лингвистическая реконструкция и праистория самодийцев. www.philology.ru. Retrieved on 2024-11-19.
- 1 2 3 Wagner-Nagy (2018-10-08). A Grammar of Nganasan. BRILL. DOI:10.1163/9789004382763_003. ISBN 978-90-04-38275-6. Wagner-Nagy, Beáta (2018-10-08). A Grammar of Nganasan. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004382763_003. ISBN 978-90-04-38275-6.
- 1 2 3 4 Fejes (2021-07-13). "Reconsidering the Nganasan vowel system", Proceedings of the 5th Mikola Conference. Szeged: University of Szeged, 229–253. DOI:10.14232/sua.2021.54.229-253. ISBN 978-963-306-803-8. Fejes, László (2021-07-13). "Reconsidering the Nganasan vowel system". Proceedings of the 5th Mikola Conference. Vol. 54. Szeged: University of Szeged. pp. 229–253. doi:10.14232/sua.2021.54.229-253. ISBN 978-963-306-803-8.
- ↑ Nganasan language, alphabet and pronunciation. omniglot.com. Retrieved on 2022-10-03.
- 1 2 Wagner-Nagy (2019). A grammar of Nganasan, Grammars and language sketches of the world's languages. Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-38275-6. , Chapter 1: Introduction
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