Asụsụ Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands
.Asụsụ Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands (nke a na-akpọkwa Asụsụ Barrier Islands-Batak ma ọ bụ pay Sumatran) bụ otu egwuregwu Malayo-Polynesian nke ndị Batak na ndị yiri ya na-asụ n'ime North Sumatra na ndị Nias, Ndị Mentawai, na ndị ọzọ nọ n'etiti osimiri Barrier (Simeulue Islands Barrier (Simeulue Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands Reg, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands Reg), Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai Island, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai, Indonesia, Mentawai, Mentawai, Indonesia. na-eme egwuregwu Barrier.
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ nke Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands bụ:
- Gayo
- Asụsụ Batak
- Simeulue
- Nias-Sikule
- Mentawai
- Enggano (?)
Ọ bụ Lafeber (1922) bu ụzọ chepụta obere m, onye kpara ya "Batak-Nias".[1] Nothofer (1986) ihe eji okwu na phonological iji kwado obere m a, na-akpọ ya "Barrier Islands-Batak".
Ọnọdụ nke Asụsụ Enggano iche iche bụ iche. Ma Lafeber (1922) na Nothofer (1986) fim Enggano dị ka anya nna.[1][2] Edwards (2015) akwụkwọ nke a bụ onye na-ewere Enggano dị ka alaka mbụ nke Malayo-Polynesian.[3] Kamar Smith mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya (2017) na-akwado Enggano n'ime obere "Sumatran" ya, nke bụ ike nke Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands nke na-agụnyekwa egwu Nasal a na-asụ na Bengkulu na ndị agha ike Sumatra.[4] Billings & McDonnell (2022) na-akwado Smith bụ ndị na-ekewa akwụkwọ Sumatran dị ka ndị a:
- Asụsụ Batak
- Northern Barrier Islands (Simeulue)
- Central Barrier Islands (Sikule, Nias)
- Mentawai
- Gayo
- Ụgbọ imi
- Enggano
Dị ka ihe akaebe phonological maka itinye asụsụ ndị a na subgroup Sumatra ha na-atụ aro:
- Njikọ
- PMP *j, *g > Proto-Sumatran *g
- PMP *z, *d > Proto-Sumatran *d
- PMP *ñ, *n > Proto-Sumatran *n
- PMP *R, *r > Proto-Sumatran *r
- PMP *h > Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla nke Proto-Sumatran
Akwụkwọ Nsọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Edwards (2015: 78) [1] na-enye ajụjụ na-esonụ na-atụnyere ahụ okwu n'ofe ahia dị iche iche nke Barrier Islands. Edwards (2015: 89) na-ewere egwu aberrant Enggano dị ka nke nke ọnwụ Barrier Islands-Batak.
| Nkọwa | PMP | Enggano | Mentawai | Nias | Sikule | Simeulue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isi | *qulu | e-(ʔ)udu | uteʔ | həɡə | tuhu | ulu |
| ntutu isi, isi | *buhek | e-pududui | alai | bu | bu | buʔ |
| ihu | *daqih | e-baka | mata | bava | muko | bobaŋon |
| anya | *mata | e-baka | mata | hərə | mata | mata |
| imi | *ijuŋ | ẽ-pãnũ | asak | ixu | nixu | ixuŋ |
| ọnụ | *baqbaq | e-kaʔa | ŋaŋa | bava | bafa | ba(ʔ)ba |
| egbugbere ọnụ | *biRbiR | e-ukudipo | bibo | beve | befe | befil |
| ire | *dilaq | e-dio† | Na-acha odo odoʤalaʤala-ve-ignore="true" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Mentawai-language_text" id="mwAQU" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/> | lela | l/nela | dila |
| ezé | *nipen | e-kaʔa | ʧon | ifɨ | ifɨ | ehen |
| ntị | *Taliŋa | e-kadiha | taliŋa | taliŋa | ɡuɡuyu | (k)oeuʔ |
| olu | *liqeR | ẽ-ũʔũ | lolokat | baɡi | ʔoɡu | leŋɡəl |
| aka | *kamay/*lima | e-ʔapo | kabei | bələxa, taŋa | taŋa | kaoʔ, siʔu |
| mbọ mkpịsị aka | *kanuhkuh | ẽ-kanũʔũnũ | sulet | siʔa | tena | tenab˺ |
| ara | *titi (q) /*usuwa | e-koko | tottot | susu | totoʔ | totuʔ |
| afọ | *tian | e-kitai | baɣa | talu | amatan | besil |
| ụkwụ | *qaqay | e-ae | dere | ahe | ae | haɨ |
| ikpere | *ịgba chaa chaa | ẽ-pũʔũ u-ae | bókolo | tuhi | bohun | boxul |
| ntutu isi, ahụ | *Bulu | e-pududui | bulu | bu | bu | buʔ |
| akpụkpọ ahụ | *kulit | e-ʔudi | kulit | uli | bebi | bebiʔ |
| anụ/anụ | *hesi | e-heda | akkelak | naɡole | ö(h)i | isi |
| abụba/mmanụ | *miñak/*himaR | ẽ-mĩnãʔ㇠| lainak | tavə | tafɨ | tafɨ |
| ọkpụkpụ | *tuqelaŋ | e-ʔaa | tolat | təla | tɨ/öla | sod˺ |
| obi | *pusuq | e-báhau, ẽ-kẽmã | teinuŋ | tədə | Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe na-eme n'oge ahụ | ate |
| ọbara | *daRaq | e-kiaki | loɣau | do | do | dala |
| imeju | *qatay | ẽ-nĩũnĩũ | atei | ate | bala | |
| mamịrị | *ihe | ẽ-ĩkõ | kia | iə | xiɨ | k/xiɨ |
| nsị | *taqi | e-kai | tanai | tai | tai | tai |
Ihe ọhụrụ nke Proto-Sumatran nke Billings & McDonnell depụtara (2022) bụ:
| Nkọwa Bekee | Proto-Sumatran | Tupu oge a na-emeGayo | Asụsụ Proto-BatakAsụsụ Batak | Àgwàetiti Proto-Northern Barrier | Àgwàetiti Proto-Central Barrier | Tupu Mentawai | Ụgbọ imi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| enyi | *Alayị | *aley | *Alayị | * | *aley | ||
| isusu ọnụ | *aŋgəh | *aŋgəh | *aŋkə | *ago | |||
| ginger | *bahiŋ | *bahiŋ | *baiŋ | ||||
| heron | *baruŋ | *baruŋ | *baluŋ | ||||
| bat | *bəŋkik | *bəŋkik | *bəŋiʔ | *bəgi | |||
| igurube | *bərŋay | *bərŋey | *bəŋay | ||||
| ugwu | *ụmụ ihe | *ụmụ ihe | *ụmụ ihe | *lələ | *lelew | ||
| akwukwo | * Ọchịchị | *asay | *Azar | hasal | |||
| nwanne di ya | *lakun | *lakun | *laʔun | *laʔo | *lakun | ||
| otu | *Sada | *sara | *Sada | *sara | *sara | *sara | |
| snail | *a na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ | *Iche na-eme | siyuh | ||||
| elu ụlọ | *tarub | *tarub | *okwu | ||||
| ala | *təruh | *tuyuh | *təruh | *təlu | *tou | ||
| etiti ehihie | *ịgọọrọ | *ịgọọrọ | *tikəl | *Nke isii | |||
| anwụrụ ọkụ | *ịkpọ anụ | *ịkpọ anụ | *ịkpọ | *Simbo | *Timbo | ||
| ịrịọ maka | *tindaw | *mgbọ égbè | *tindaw | *saktin | *Tidow | ||
| rattan | *ịkụ ọkụ | *ịkụ ọkụ | *puleg |