Asụsụ Nukak

Nukak GuaviareTempleeti:Infobox Language/pronunciation
Spoken in:	Colombia
Region:	Department of Guaviare, Amazon Basin
Total speakers:	700 of Nukak proper
Language family:	Puinave-Maku?  Northwestern Puinave-Maku ?   Nukak-Kakwa    NukakTempleeti:Infobox Language/official
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	mbr
Nukak.png

Asụsụ Nukak ( Nukak Makú: ) bụ asụsụ nke nhazi ejighị n'aka, ikekwe akụkụ nke macrofamily Puinave-Maku . Ya na Kakwa nwere njikọ chiri anya.

fonology

Udaume

Enwere ụdaume isii na nke imi.

	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Mechie	i ĩ	ɨ ɨ̃	u ũ
N'etiti	ɛɛ̃		ʌʌ̃
Mepee		a ã

Udaume [u] na-aghọ semivowel labial [w] n'ọtụtụ gburugburu: na ọnọdụ postnuclear (mgbe ọ pụtara ozugbo ụdaume nuklia nke morpheme gasịrị), n'ihu ụdaume ọzọ, na na mmalite nke okwu ma ọ bụ syllable. Ọkara ụdaume [w] nke arara (akara IPA [ʍ] ) ọ bụrụ na ụda ebili ma ụdaume na-esonụ bụ [i], [ĩ], [ɨ] .

Udaume [i] na-aghọ palatal semivowel [j] n'ọnọdụ postnuclear.

Nasalization n'asụsụ Nukak bụ ihe onwunwe prosodic nke morpheme na-emetụta akụkụ niile dị n'ime morpheme ọ bụla ma e wezụga nkwụsị ụda olu. Ụdị morpheme ọ bụla bụ imi kpam kpam ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọnụ.

Consonants

Enwere consonant fọnịm iri na otu: /p/ ; /b/ (ghọtara dị ka [ m ] na ụdaume imi, ma ọ bụghị dị ka [mb] na mmalite nke okwu, na dị ka [bm] na njedebe nke okwu); /t/ ; /d/ (ghọtara dị ka [ n ] na ụdaume imi, ma ọ bụghị dị ka [nd] na mmalite nke okwu, na dị ka [dn] na njedebe nke okwu); /tʃ/ (ghọtara dị ka [ ts ] ma ọ bụ [ tʃ ] na mgbanwe n'efu); /ɟ/ (ghọtara dị ka [ ɲ ] na gburugburu imi); /k/ ; /ɡ/ (ghọtara dị ka [ ŋ ] na gburugburu imi); /ɺ/ (mpụta sonorant, nke ọzọ na nso [ ɹ ], mgbata [ ɾ ], na mpụta nso [ l ] ); /h/ ; /ʔ/ (Glottal stop).

Tebụlụ fọnịm consonant ndị a na-egosi fọnịm ọ bụla sochiri mkpụrụedemede kwekọrọ na mkpụrụedemede Nukak, ebe dị iche.

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Ihe mgbagwoju anya	voiceless	p	t	tʃ ⟨ c ⟩	k	ʔ ⟨ ' ⟩
	voiced	b ~ m	d ~ n	ɟ ~ ɲ	ɡ ~ ŋ
Na-aga n'ihu			ɺ ⟨ ⟩			h

/ɺ/ is pronounced [t] when followed by /t/ and [d] when preceded by a voiced consonant. If /ɟ/ is preceded by [t] or [ʔ], it is pronounced voiceless [t͡ʃ]. With some infixes or prefixes, /ʔ/ is replaced by /n/ when it is followed by any vowel or /h/ or in nasal [n] suffixes.

A na-ewere ụda olu palatal allophones [ ɟ ] ~ [ ɲ ] dị iche iche nke ụdaume [ i ] mgbe ha na-ebute ụdaume na mmalite nke mgbọrọgwụ ma ọ bụ nke affix, ma ọ bụ mgbe ha dina n'etiti ụdaume abụọ.

Ụda

Udaume nuklia nke aha, ngwaa, na adjectives nwere ụda olu. Nukak nwere tonemes abụọ (obere ụzọ abụọ dị n'etiti ha): elu (H) na ịrị elu (LH). Na ụda olu elu enwekwara ụda dị ala na ụda dara ada. Ụda na-ebili ma na-ada ada na-esonyere ya na ịgbatị ụdaume, agbanyeghị, enyochala ụda dara ada dị ka n'ezie allomorph nke ụda dị elu na nkeji okwu mechiri emechi na-agwụ na [h] ma ọ bụ consonant zoro ezo, ewezuga [t] ma ọ bụ na morpheme ikpeazụ syllable mepere emepe. Mkpụrụokwu ndị na-enweghị isi na-ebu ụda dị ala mgbe niile (enweghị ụda).

Ụda dị elu ma na-arị elu na-eme naanị na monosyllabic, monomorphemic lexemes . Multisyllabic morphemes na-arụsi ọrụ ike na syllable nke mbụ.

Ụtọ asụsụ

Ụdị ụdị

Usoro usoro ndabara na ahịrịokwu bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa (SOV). N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, isiokwu ahụ na-ebute ụzọ mgbe niile. A na-ejikọta ngwaa maka mmadụ. Asụsụ ahụ bụ agglutinative . Nkọwa ụtọ asụsụ na nke lexical pụtara site na prepositions n'asụsụ Indo-European bụ nke e ji nkwusioru dị na Nukak egosipụta. Adjectives, nke na-adịghị atụgharị maka ụtọ asụsụ, na-esokarị aha isi ha.

Aha aha

Akara aha Nukak maka okike, ọnụọgụgụ, na ikpe. Enwere ụdị ụtọasụsụ abụọ . E gosiputara otutu aha animate na suffix - wɨn . Ihe nrịbama ikpe gụnyere ihe ndị a:

ebubo - na

dative - ré' ("ka")

ngwá ọrụ - hî' ("ya na")

ebe - rí' ("na", "site")

genitive - î ' ("nke", "bụ nke")

Dabere na aha lexeme, a na-egosipụta ikpe olu site na mgbanwe ụda; site na suffix - a ; ma ọ bụ site n'imegharị ụdaume nuklia ka ọ gbasịrị mgbọrọgwụ ikpeazụ.

Aha nwere ike were suffixes siri ike, dịka ọmụmaatụ, - hîpî', "nke ahụ [nwoke] nke bịara na mbụ", na suffix ajụjụ, - má' . Njikọ njikọ - tɨ na-egosipụta nchikota na aha ọzọ, ntụgharị, "nakwa", ma ọ bụ njikọ nkebiokwu, "na".

Suffixes na-ekewapụta aha aha bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị: - na' (ogologo na nke dị gịrịgịrị), - da' "obere na okirikiri", - dub "obere, nke dị gịrịgịrị, na nke a kapịrị ọnụ", - nɨi "flat na mkpa", - ne "ogologo ntutu", - yi "bara ụba, nke ukwuu".

Nkpọaha

		Otu, isiokwu	Otu, ihe	Ọtụtụ, isiokwu	Ọtụtụ, ihe
Nke mbụ (M, anyị)		wéem	wéna	kwuru	kwuru
Nke abụọ (ị sg., ị pl.)		meem	mena	eya	ebmna
Nwoke nke atọ	nso na-ekwu okwu	nin	ninna	obere akpa	ikpe
	obere nso nso okwu mana a na-ahụ anya	kan	kanna	obere akpa	ikpe
	n'ebe dị anya site n'ikwu okwu, a naghị ahụ ya anya	kun	kunna	obere akpa	ikpe
Nke atọ nwanyị	nso na-ekwu okwu	nin'	ninna	obere akpa	ikpe
	obere nso nso okwu mana a na-ahụ anya	ka'	ka na	obere akpa	ikpe
	n'ebe dị anya site n'ikwu okwu, a naghị ahụ ya anya	kun'	kun na	obere akpa	ikpe

Nnọchiaha ndị nwere n'efu bụ ụdị efu: wî' "nke m", mí' "nke gị singular", aî' "his", mi'î ' "nke ya", wîi' "anyị", ñí' "ọtụtụ gị, i'î " "nke ha". E ji prefixes " my, gị, ya", wdg . na-eji prefixes na aha nwere ọbụ abụ: a "milar" "ya", hi "anyị", ñi "ọtụtụ gị", na "ha". Na njikọ, otu prefixes bụ ihe nrịbama ndị nnọchite (isiokwu). Ha na-enwe ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nnọchiaha nkeonwe.

Okwu ajụjụ

déi ("gịnị?" "nke" na-ezo aka ihe), de pàn "gịnị?" na-ezo aka n'omume, háu'ka, de'e "onye?", déimɨnɨ "mgbe?", ded "where?", jáu' why? "Ha na-ejikọta ya na nrịbama ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, suffixes : allative de' yúkú "n'ebe ebe? ", ngwá ọrụ de'e hin " na onye? ", genitive de'e î' " ònye? ". Ajụjụ ọnụ na-ejikọta ya na ihe nrịbama dị egwu dị ka jáu' ra' ("n'ihi gịnị?" + n'oge gara aga).

Ngwaa

Ejikọtara ngwaa na prefix isiokwu yana suffixes na infixes na-egosipụta akụkụ (na-aga n'ihu, ozugbo); oge (oge gara aga, ugbu a, ọdịnihu) na ọnọdụ (dị mkpa, ọchịchọ, ajụjụ). Ọmụmaatụ:

Gara aga - nábé

Future - nátu'

dubitative - náihitu'

Ọnọdụ - 'náno'

Dị ugbu a

ezughị okè - náka

negative - kaná

na-aga n'ihu - né'

Ajuju

gara aga - yáa

Future - pî'

conditional - no'pî'

ugbu - ráa'

negative - ka

Ọchịchọ - ọkụ - ("ikekwe")

Planeative - ɨí' - ("atụmatụ" ihe omume)

Nkwughachi - pî - ("ugboro ugboro")

Agentive - rít ("n'ihi", "n'ihi")

A na-etolite ọnọdụ dị mkpa site n'ịmegharị ụdaume ikpeazụ nke ngwaa ahụ, na-esote nkwenye ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ ọkara ụdaume. A na-akpọ ụdaume [u] na [i] dị ka ọkara udaume [w], [j] mgbe emegharịrị ya ma emechaa consonant ikpeazụ.

A na-etolite ezughị okè gara aga site na suffixing na azuokokoosisi nke oyiri nke ụdaume ikpeazụ na stem gbakwunyere [p]: (-VC-Vp). Nchikota nke suffix ezughị okè gara aga na ihe nrịbama - tí ' na-akara akara nrịanrịa gara aga: jɨm "ịbụ"; jɨmɨ "nwere ike ịbụ",; gara aga jɨmɨp ezughị okè "bụ"; subjunctive preterite jɨmɨptí ′ "ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ".

A na-egosipụta nkwubi okwu ọnụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche: ya na suffix - ka, nke na-abịa n'etiti mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa na mgbagwoju anya, ọnọdụ, na ihe nrịbama akụkụ; na ụfọdụ prefixes na ngwaa azuokokoosisi; n'okwu ndị a yab', "mba", dɨi', "jụ", îí', "enweghị mmetụta" . Iwu na-adịghị mma nwere akara a kapịrị ọnụ, - kê ′ .

Enwere ọtụtụ ngwaa ngwaa. Ihe ndị ahụ nwere ike ịbụ mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ma ọ bụ ha nwere ike ịbụ mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa gbakwunyere aha, adjective, ma ọ bụ adverb. Ihe nrịbama - a na-atụgharị mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa intransitive ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa transitive.

A na-ahapụta ngwaa na suffixes - hat, echiche nkịtị nke ihe omume, - pe', ihe emetụtara, akụkụ. Egosiputara onye na-eme ihe ahụ na nganiihu onye ọrụ (“actance”) yana suffix na-egosipụta mmadụ na nọmba. Mkpebi ndị na-arụ ọrụ bụ - ni' maka onye mbụ, onye nke abụọ, na onye nke atọ nke otu nwanyị; - ni maka onye nke atọ otu nwoke; na - nit maka mmadụ nke atọ ọtụtụ. Na ndị a nwere ike ịgbakwunye akara maka ịdị nso, na-aga n'ihu ugbu a, ma ọ bụ mesie ike, - yé' .

Mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa niile na-ejedebe na consonant ma ọ bụ ọkara ụdaume. Enwere ike ịkọwapụta "ịbụ" n'ụzọ abụọ: n'ụzọ doro anya na ngwaa jɨm ma ọ bụ n'ezoghị ọnụ site na akara ajụjụ dị iche iche yana nnọchiaha onwe onye, na mgbe ụfọdụ na ngwaa ọzọ, yit, nke nwere ụdị okwu ike yittí', "Abụ m".

Okwu okwu

Asụsụ Nukak nwere ọtụtụ ụdị adverb. Nkọwa okwu dị iche iche dị mkpa n'ịwube ahịrịokwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha na-ejikarị hébáká "n'ezie", na ọbụna nkwụsi ike ka ukwuu, - yé' bụ suffixed. Njikọ ọnụ tɨtíma'hî "mgbe" nwere ike ime n'etiti isiokwu na ihe na ngwaa. N'ihe gbasara mmụọ, ụfọdụ adverbs bụ okwu nwere onwe; ndị a nwere ike iso aha, dị ka hattí' "nakwa", "ma", "ma". Enwere ụfọdụ suffixes adverbial, dịka ọmụmaatụ, - hê' "naanị", "kpọmkwem".

Ntinye aka

Kútu' "Hey!", "Ntị!" bụ iti mkpu iji malite ikwu okwu. Okwu ma ọ bụ akpaokwu ndị ọzọ na-akpali akpali bụ hâré "Kpachara anya!" m'ọ bụ dɨpí hə́ré "Kwanụ kị́éꞌdo!"; waá'yé' "Eezuru!; be'bét yé " ngwa ngwa! "; ni'kábá'í' "Nkea! ".