Asụsụ Nukuoro

Nukuoro Nukuoro
Spoken in:	Micronesia
Region:	Western Nukuoro Island
Total speakers:	700
Language family:	Tustrunizit  Malayo-Polynesian   Oceanic    Polynesian     Ellicean      Nukuoro
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	nkr
Lang Status 60-DE.svg

Asụsụ Nukuoro bụ asụsụ Polynesia Outlier, nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,200 na-asụ na Nukuoro Atoll na Pohnpei, agwaetiti abụọ nke Pohnpei State n'ime steeti Federated nke Micronesia . Nukuoro bụ coral atoll dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ihe dị ka 150 bi na ya, ebe asụsụ bụ isi bụ Nukuoro. Ọtụtụ narị ndị na-ekwu okwu Nukuoro na-ebi na Kolonia, Pohnpei, na obodo nta ndị ọzọ na Micronesia na United States . Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Nukuoro, ọkachasị ndị bi na Nukuoro Atoll, na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ na Pohnpeian na/ma ọ bụ Bekee ; ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ Nukuoro meworo agadi makwaara German ma ọ bụ Japanese .

Nhazi

Nukuoro bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Polynesia, ngalaba nke otu obere oke osimiri nke ezinụlọ Austronesia . Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị Polynesia ndị ọzọ, nwere nnukwu myirịta ụda okwu na nke lexical. N'ime alaka ụlọ ọrụ Polynesia, Nukuoro bụ onye otu Polynesia Outliers, nke ndị bi n'agwaetiti dị na Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, na New Caledonia na-asụ. Nukuoro nwere njikọ chiri anya na Kapingamarangi, bụ naanị asụsụ Polynesia ọzọ dị na Micronesia. Ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ abụọ ahụ abụghị ndị a na-aghọta n’otu n’otu, ka o sina dị, ọ ga-ekwe omume onye na-asụ otu asụsụ iji ihe isi ike mee onwe ya ka ọ ghọta onye na-asụ asụsụ nke ọzọ.

Iji asụsụ na ide ede

Ndị mmadụ

Asụsụ mbụ a na-asụ na Nukuoro atoll bụ Nukuoro. N'afọ 1965, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 400. 260 n'ime ndị ọkà okwu a bi na atoll, 125 bi na Ponape, District Center, na ole na ole ndị ọzọ gbasara n'àgwàetiti ndị ọzọ na District (Carroll 1965). A na-eche na ndị bi ugbu a dị ihe dịka 1000 ndị na-ekwu okwu.

Ọkpụkpụ

Ọ bụ Chief Leka mepụtara usoro ide Nukuoro na 1920, ikekwe site n'enyemaka nke ndị Europe bi ma ọ bụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ na Ponape. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile na-asụ Nukuoro mara ya ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụdị ụfọdụ, ọ bụkwa ụkpụrụ mmụta kemgbe e kere ya. Ọdịbendị Nukuoro dị iche na akwụkwọ edemede Polynesia ndị ọzọ n'ụdị fọnịm akwụsị enweghị olu /p t k/ a na-ede ya site na iji mkpụrụedemede bdg, nhọrọ nke nwere ike ịpụta site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na Nukuoro enweghị ụda na-akwụsị na-enweghị isi dị ka Bekee na-akwụsị.

fonology

Udaume

Enwere ụdaume ise na Nukuoro: /a, e, i, o, u/ . Ogologo ụdaume dị iche, a na-anọchi anya ụdaume ogologo site na ide akara ụdaume ugboro abụọ. Ụdaume ogologo dị ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ ka ụdaume dị mkpụmkpụ, ma a naghị akọwagharị ya ọzọ. The phonemic geminate /aː/ a na-aghọtakarị na ụda ụda dị ka [æ] .

Monophthong

	Nkenke		Ogologo
	n'ihu	azụ	n'ihu	azụ
Mechie	i	u	iː	uː
N'etiti	e	o	eː	oː
Mepee	a		aː

Consonants

Enwere consonants 10 na Nukuoro, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha dị iche maka ogologo. A na-akọwapụta consonants geminate ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ ma e wezụga otu nkwụsịtụ na mgbata: a na-akọwapụta nkwụsị geminate nwere ọchịchọ siri ike, a na-akọwakwa taps geminate dị ka ogologo oge, eze kwupụtaburu ma ọ bụ nkwụsị retroflex. A na-ahụkarị consonants geminate - na mbụ, ma a na-emepụtakarị ya site na mmụgharị.

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Kwụsị	p pː	ttː	k kː
Nke na-ese okwu	vvː	s sː		h hː
Ihu imi	m mː	n nː	ŋŋː
Kpatụ		ɾɾː

Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Polynesia, Nukuoro nwere naanị nkwụsị atọ n'ime ngwa ekwentị ya: /p/, /t/, na /k/ . Nkwụsị ndị a enweghị atụ, enwere ike ịkpọ ya n'ụdị dị iche iche, mana enweghị ụda olu. Ihe odide nke Nukuoro na-anọchi anya nkwụsị ndị a na-enweghị olu na b, d, g . Mgbatị alveolar /ɾ/ na-anọchi anya na Nukuoro orthography na-eji leta l, ọ bụ ezie na mbụ ndekọ nke Nukuoro (na n'ezie, mkpoputa nke aha asụsụ n'onwe ya) jiri r .

Ebe ọ bụ na singleton /p/, /t/, /k/ e ji b, d, g, geminate /p/, /t/, /k/ e ji p, t, k . Efere /m/, /n/, /s/, /h/, /ɾ/ ejiri mkpụrụedemede abụọ mee ihe atụ ( mm, nn, ss, hh, ll ), na geminated /ŋ/ edere ka nng .

Nhazi mkpụrụedemede

Mkpụrụokwu na-ewere ụdịdị V, VV, VVV, CV, CVV na CVVV. Ngwakọta V na VV niile nwere ike ime. Ngwakọta CV niile enwere ike ime ma ewezuga /vu/ . Onye mbụ so na diphthong na-abụkarị ọnụ ọgụgụ syllabic mgbe a na-emesi mkpụrụ okwu ike; N'ebe ọzọ enwere obere ihe dị iche n'etiti ndị otu, ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke sonority na-achọ ime na ụdaume kacha dị egwu.  

Nhazi nkebiokwu

Usoro usoro okwu dị na Nukuoro bụ Isiokwu-Verb-Object, mana enwerekwa okwu nke ngwaa-isiokwu-ihe.

Template maka ahịrịokwu Nukuoro bụ isi nwere ọmụmaatụ:   Ngwaa n'ozuzu anaghị egosi nkwekọrịta ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ntụgharị ọ bụla, na ahaghị akara n'ụdị morphological maka ikpe. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, Nukuoro nwere nhazi nke na-adịghị mma, usoro nke edobere n'ọtụtụ asụsụ emetụtara.

Nkpọaha

Nkpọaha isi

Nukuoro na-ama ọdịiche dị n'otu, nke abụọ, na ọtụtụ, yana nke gụnyere na nke naanị anyị .

		otu	abuo	otutu
Onye mbụ	nanị	au	gidaau	gidaadeu
	na-agụnye		gimaau	gimaadeu
Onye nke abụọ		goe	gooluu	goodou
Onye nke atọ		ia	gilaau	gilaadeu

Nkpọaha genitive

Ewubere nnọchiaha ndị genitive site n'usoro nnọchiaha bụ isi.

Ihe dị iche a/o na-egosi nnabata : o na-egosi ihe onwunwe na-enweghị ike ịpụpụ, na a akara alienable onwunwe. Ụfọdụ nnọchiaha genitive adịghị akara a vs. o iche na-eji ha abụọ.

		Paragraf maka ndị nwere oke			Paradigm maka ọtụtụ ndị nwere
		otu	abuo	otutu	otu	abuo	otutu
Onye mbụ	nanị	dagu/dogu	taau	taadeu	agu/ogu	adaau/odaau	adaadeu/odaadeu
	na-agụnye		demaau	demaadeu		amaau/omaau	amaadeu/omaadeu
Onye nke abụọ		dau/doo	dooluu	doodou	au/oo	ooluu	oodou
Onye nke atọ		dana/dono	delaau	delaadeu	ana/ono	alaau/olaau	alaadeu/olaadeu

Ihe nrịbama akụkụ

Akụkụ, n'adịghị ka esemokwu, na-akara "ụzọ dị iche iche nke ịlele mpaghara ime nwa oge nke ọnọdụ".

Ihe egwu

Akụrụngwa

Enwere akụrụngwa siri ike maka asụsụ Nukuoro. Nke bụ isi na ma eleghị anya ihe kacha enye nkọwa bụ akwụkwọ Vern Carroll bụ An Outline of the Structure of the Language of Nukuoro . Enwekwara Lexicon Nukuoro nke nwere Bekee gaa Nukuoro na Nukuoro ruo Bekee, yana ndetu ụtọasụsụ.

Na 2013, Gregory DS Anderson na K. David Harrison nke Living Tongues Institute for the Edangered Languages kere Nukuoro Talking Dictionary, lexicon dijitalụ nke gụnyere ndekọ ụda nke okwu Nukuoro. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Nukuoro Johnny Rudolph, Maynard Henry na Kurt Erwin jupụtara na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu a na mbụ. Ndị ọkà okwu na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-akwalite akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu a ma gụnye ihe karịrị 1000 token ọdịyo.

Dị mkpa

Edepụtara Nukuoro dị ka asụsụ na-emepe emepe . Ethnologue na-ekwu na nke a pụtara na ọ na-eji ike eme ihe mana ọ kabeghị ebe niile. A na-ebufe ya na ụmụaka, a na-ejikwa ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, gọọmentị, na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, e nweelarị mgbalị iji nyere aka chekwaa asụsụ ahụ ka United States hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na-akụzi ihe kpam kpam na Nukuoro. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu gbagoro site na 400 ruo 1000 kemgbe 1965, nke na-egosi uto dị mma.

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

• Carroll (1965). An Outline Of The Structure Of The Language Of Nukuoro. Wellington, New Zealand: The Polynesian Society. 
• Drummond (2019). "A Nukuoro creation story". Pacific Asia Inquiry 10 (1): 141–171. 
•  
• Nukuoro language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
• Newton. Figure of a divinity. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2025-03-20.
• Nukuoro. Endangered Languages Project.
• Sato (2012). Language in Hawai'i and the Pacific. Honolulu: Curriculum Research & Developmental Group. 

Hụkwa

• Asụsụ Kapingamarangi
• Polynesian outlier
• Asụsụ Polynesia
• Asụsụ Tokelauan

Njikọ mpụga

• Kaadị ndeksi 436 nke aha osisi na anụmanụ echekwara na Kaipuleohone
• Ebe nchekwa data lexical dijitalụ nke Nukuoro echekwara na Kaipuleohone