Asụsụ Palau

Palauan
Palauan
a tekoi er a Belau
Native to	Palau, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands
Native speakers	17,000 (2008)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Palauan; ;
Writing system	Latin (formerly katakana)
Official status
Official language in	Palau
Regulated by	Palau Language Commission
Language codes
ISO 639-2	pau
ISO 639-3	pau
Glottolog	pala1344
Linguasphere	31-PAA-aa
	Page Module:Location map/styles.css has no content. Palauan
	Coordinates: 7°20′N 134°29′E / 7.34°N 134.48°E
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Palauan ( a tekoi er a Belau [ 3 ] ) bụ asụsụ Malayo-Polynesia nke dị na Republic of Palau, ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ gọọmentị abụọ, n'akụkụ bekee . A na-eji ya eme ihe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na mba ahụ. Palauan enweghị njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Malayo-Polynesian ndị ọzọ, edoghị anya na nhazi ya n'ime alaka ahụ.

Nhazi

Ọ bụ otu n'ime ngalaba Malayo-Polynesian nke ezinụlọ Austronesian, ma bụrụ otu n'ime asụsụ abụọ amaala na Micronesia na-abụghị akụkụ nke ngalaba Oceanic nke ezinụlọ ahụ, nke ọzọ bụ Chamorro (lee Dempwolff 1934, Blust 1977, Jackson 1986, na Zobel 2002 ).

Roger Blench (2015) na-arụ ụka na dabere na ihe akaebe sitere na aha azụ, Palauan nwere mmekọrịta mbụ na asụsụ Oceanic site na asụsụ Yapese ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Ndị a na-agụnye aha azụ maka oké osimiri, tuna tuna yellowfin ( Thunnus albacares ), ekpe-anya flounder ( Bothus mancus ), triggerfish, sailfish, barracuda ( Sphyraena barracuda ), damsel azụ ( Abudefduf sp.), squirrelfish ( Holocentrus spp.), unicorn azụ ( abtun Cardma croup ) . ), na wrasse . Nke a na-egosi na ndị ọkà okwu Oceanic emetụtala omenala ịkụ azụ nke Palau, ma na-akụ azụ na ịzụ ahịa n'akụkụ Palau ruo oge ụfọdụ. Blench (2015) na-atụkwa aro na asụsụ Palauan na-egosipụta mmetụta sitere na asụsụ Central Philippine na asụsụ Samalic .

fonology

Ndepụta ekwentị nke Palauan nwere consonants 10 na ụdaume 6. Enyere chaatị ụdaume nke ụdaume na ụdaume ụdaume n'okpuru, na-eji mkpụrụedemede ụda olu mba ụwa (IPA) .

Allphones

Ọ bụ ezie na ndekọ ekwentị nke Palauan dị ntakịrị, n'otu aka ahụ, ọtụtụ fọnịm nwere opekata mpe abụọ allophone na-apụta n'ihi usoro ụda olu dị iche iche n'ime asụsụ ahụ. Enyere ndepụta okwu ụdaume zuru oke nke consonants n'okpuru na IPA (nchịkọta ụdaume nke ụdaume, n'elu, zuru ezu).

Diphthongs
IPA	Example	English Translation
/iɛ/	babier	"paper" (German loan)
/iu/	chiukl	"(singing) voice"
/io/	kikiongel	"dirty"
/ia/	diall	"ship"
/ɛi/	mei	"come"
/ɛu/	teu	"width"
/ɛo/	Oreor	"Koror" (former capital of Palau)
/ɛa/	beached	"tin"
/ui/	tuich	"torch"
/uɛ/	sueleb	"afternoon"
/uo/	uos	"horse" (English loan)
/ua/	tuangel	"door"
/oi/	tekoi	"word"
/oɛ/	beroel	"spear"
/ou/	merous	"distribute"
/oa/	omoachel	"river"
/ai/	chais	"news"
/aɛ/	baeb	"pipe" (English loan)
/au/	mesaul	"tired"
/ao/	taod	"fork"

Ruo n'ókè nke ziri ezi iji kọwaa nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro ụdaume ndị a dị ka diphthongs abụrụla ihe arụmụka, dị ka na Wilson 1972, Flora 1974, Josephs 1975 , na Zuraw 2003 . Otu o sina dị, ọnụọgụ nke usoro dị n'elu, dịka /ui/, na-akpa àgwà n'ụzọ doro anya dị ka diphthongs nyere mmekọrịta ha na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke phonology Palauan dị ka mgbanwe nrụgide na mbelata ụdaume. Ndị ọzọ adịghị akpa àgwà ka nke ọma dị ka monosyllabic diphthongs.

Usoro edemede

Na mmalite 1970s, Kọmitii Ọkpụkpọ Ọkpụkpụ Palau so ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ si Mahadum Hawaii rụkọọ ọrụ iji chepụta mkpụrụ akwụkwọ dabere na script Latin . Ọdịbendị nke si na ya pụta dabere n'echiche nke "otu phoneme/otu akara", na-ewepụta mkpụrụedemede nke consonants iri na abụọ, consonants isii maka iji okwu mbinye ego, na ụdaume iri. Usoro ụdaume iri abụọ a depụtara n'okpuru Diphthongs bụkwa ndị amara ahaziri n'ihu ọha n'ọkpụkpụ.

Ọtụtụ n'ime mkpụrụedemede/grapheme ndị e dere ede Palauan kwekọrọ na fọnịm nke enwere ike ịnọchite anya akụkụ ndị dabara na mkpụrụedemede mba ụwa ( dịka Palauan ⟨ b ⟩ bụ fọnịm /b / . Ekwesịrị ikwupụta ihe atọ pụtara ama:

Nke mbụ bụ ⟨ ch ⟩, nke a na-akpọkarị glottal stop [ ʔ ] . Ch digraph bụ ihe fọdụrụ na usoro ederede mbụ mepụtara n'oge ndị Germany na-arụ ọrụ mgbe a na-akpọ nkwụsị glottal dị ka fricative [ x ] ; ụfọdụ ndị Palauans meworo agadi ka na-echeta nne na nna ha ochie na-akpọ ch otu a. N'ojiji Palauan ọgbara ọhụrụ ejirila [ ʔ ] dochie ụda ] [ ] kpamkpam, mana nsụpe ch na-aga n'ihu.
Nke abụọ bụ ⟨ ⟩ . Ọ na-anọchi anya mgbe ụfọdụ ụdaume zuru oke [ ɛ ] dị ka ọ dị na sers pau 'ubi', na mgbe ụfọdụ a schwa [ ə ], dị ka ọ dị ngalek pau 'nwa'. Nkesa nke mkpọ okwu abụọ a yiri nke fell ụdaume bekee : [ ɛ ] dị na mkp'ụrụokwu ] ike [ vs fallen ).
- Ụda abụọ ahụ [ ɛ ] na [ ə ] bụ ndị e ji amata n'otu oge n'ọkpụkpụ, dịka schwa [ ə ] ka e si asụpe ⟨ ⟩, na-eji ogonek : eg ngalęk pau 'nwa'. Nke a bụ ihe odide nke Josephs ji mee ihe na ụtọ asụsụ 1975; ma otu onye edemede ahụ ejirila ihe dị mfe ⟨ e ⟩ n'ọrụ ya mechara, dịka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu 1990 ya.
Nke atọ bụ digraph ⟨ ng ⟩, nke bụ (phonemic) velar imi /ŋ / ma nwere ike ime ka a kpọọ ya dị ka [ m ] ma ọ bụ [ n ] .

Ntụgharị aha

Aha Palauan na-atụgharị dabere na mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ site na otutu prefix re-, nke jikọrọ ọnụ na otutu aha mmadụ (lee Josephs 1975 ). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okwu chad 'onye' bụ aha mmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha otu, ebe aha rechad ndị mmadụ bụ aha mmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha ọtụtụ. Aha ndị na-abụghị mmadụ anaghị egosipụta ọdịiche a, dịka ọmụmaatụ, okwu maka 'nkume', bad, nwere ike ịpụta ma otu 'nkume' ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ 'nkume'.

Ụfọdụ aha ndị nwere aha na Palauan na-atụgharịkwa ikwenye n'ụdị mmadụ, ọnụọgụgụ, na mmadụ nke ndị nwe ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha tebel enweghị ikike pụtara nanị 'tebulu,' ebe otu n'ime ya nwere ụdị tebelek pụtara 'tebụl m.' A na-edebanye aha nkwekọrịta onye nwe ya mgbe niile site na mgbakwunye nke suffix na aha (na-ebutekwa mgbanwe na nrụgide na suffix). Mgbakwunye nkwekọrịta onye nwe nwere ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche na-adịghị agafe agafe nke na-ejikọta naanị na aha ụfọdụ, na a ga-eburịrị ha n'isi n'usoro aha n'aha ( . Otú ọ dị, e nwere suffixes e-set “ndabara” (lee Josephs 1997 na Nuger 2016 ), egosiri n'okpuru:

E-set
		Otu	Ọtụtụ
		Otu	Na-agụnye	Nanị
Onye mbụ		-ek	-ed	-am
Onye nke abụọ		-em	-iu
Onye nke atọ	mmadu	-el	-ir
Onye nke atọ	na-abụghị mmadụ	-el

U-set, I-set, na A-set
		Otu	Ọtụtụ
		Otu	Na-agụnye	Nanị
Onye mbụ		-Vk	-Vd	-(e)mam
Onye nke abụọ		-Vm	-(e)miu
Onye nke atọ	mmadu	-Vl	-(e)rir
Onye nke atọ	na-abụghị mmadụ	-Vl
Rịba ama na -V- na-anọchi anya ụdaume -u-, -i-, ma ọ bụ -a- .

Enwere ụfọdụ mgbanwe morphophonological, nke a na-atụghị anya ya, gụnyere: (

Otu ụdaume na-ebelata ka /ə/, e ( bad → bed·uk 'Nkume m'), ma ọ bụ na-ejikọta ya kpamkpam ( ngikel → ngkel·el 'My azụ'), na ole na ole aha anaghị ebelata ụdaume ha ( chim → chim·ak 'aka m')
A na-ebelata ụdaume okpukpu abụọ ka ọ bụrụ otu ụdaume ( deel → del·ek 'm ntu'), mgbe ụfọdụ na-agbada n'ihu na /ə/ ( diil → del·ek ) ma ọ bụ ọbụna syncopated
N'ihi syncopation, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ ụyọkọ consonant mgbagwoju anya, ma ụfọdụ n'ime ha dị mfe na Palauan ( relm → lm·ek 'mmiri m', tut → t·uk 'obi m')

Ntinye ngwaa

Ụdị ngwaa Palauan dị mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu. menga(ng) 'rie', dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike nyochaa ya dị ka prefix ngwaa me- + ezughị okè -ng- + kal, nke -kal bụ archimorpheme nke pụtara naanị site n'ịtụle ụdị dị iche iche, dịka kall 'nri' na-echebara ụkpụrụ morphophonemic echiche: Ng milenga a ngikel a bilis 'nkịta ahụ nọ na-eri azụ' (lit. it VerB PREFIX-m eat-PAST INFIX-il- ARTICLE fish Article dog); Ng kma a ngikel a bilis 'Nkịta na-eri azụ' (lit. it-rie-zuru-ọma-INFIX-m- azụ ARTICLE nkịta). Usoro ngwaa na-arụtụ aka n'ụdị fossilized metụtara asụsụ Philippine.

Usoro okwu

A na-echekarị usoro okwu Palauan ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa–ihe – isiokwu (VOS), mana nke a abụrụla okwu nke arụmụka ụfọdụ na akwụkwọ asụsụ. Ndị na-anabata VOS nyocha nke usoro okwu Palauan n'ozuzu na-emeso Palauan dị ka asụsụ pro-dobe na preverbal isiokwu nkwekọrịta morphemes, ikpeazụ pronominal isiokwu na-ehichapụ (ma ọ bụ efu ).

Ọmụmaatụ 1: Ak milenga er a ringo . (pụtara: 'M na-eri apụl.')

N'ihe atụ nke bu ụzọ, nnọchiaha nkịtị efu efu bụ isiokwu 'M' mgbe nkebi ahịrịokwu-mbụ ak bụ onye mbụ otu nkwekọrịta isiokwu morpheme.

N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị nyochara Palauan dị ka SVO bụchaghị jụ pro-dobe analysis, kama nyochaa isiokwu nkwekọrịta morphemes dị ka isiokwu nnọchiaha. N'ihe atụ bu ụzọ, ndị na-akwado SVO na-eche na ọ dịghị pro na na morpheme ak bụ naanị okwu pụtara ìhè nke pụtara 'M'. Otu nsogbu nwere ike na nyocha nke a bụ na ọ naghị akọwa ihe kpatara isiokwu (onye nke atọ) ji eme nkebiokwu-n'ikpeazụ n'ihu onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke atọ "okwu nnọchiaha" ---na-emeso okwu okwu ahụ dị ka nkwekọrịta morphemes na-agafe adịghị ike a. Tụlee ihe atụ na-esonụ.

Ọmụmaatụ 2: Ng milenga er a ringngo a Satsuko . (pụtara: 'Satsuko nọ na-eri apụl.')

Ndị na-akwado nyocha SVO ga-eche na mgbanwe nke isiokwu a a Satsuko 'Satsuko' site na nkebi-mmalite na nkebi-ikpe ikpeazụ ọnọdụ, a ije ọrụ na-enwetabeghị nnabata cross-linguistically, ma hụ Josephs 1975 maka mkparịta ụka.

Akpaokwu Palauan

Ụfọdụ mkpụrụokwu na akpaokwu bara uru na Palauan ka edepụtara n'okpuru, yana ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee ha.

Palauan	English
Alii!	Hello!
Ungil tutau.	Good morning.
Ungil sueleb.	Good afternoon.
Ungil kebesengei.	Good evening.
A ngklek a ___.	My name is ___.
Ng techa ngklem?	What's your name?
Ke ua ngerang?	How are you?
Ak mesisiich.	I'm fine.
Ak chad er a ___.	I'm from ___.
Belau	Palau
Merikel	U.S.
Ingklis	England
Siabal	Japan
Sina	China
Ke chad er ker el beluu?	Where are you from?
Ke mlechell er ker el beluu?	Where were you born?

Palauan	English
Ak mlechell er a ___.	I was born in ___.
Ng tela a rekim?	How old are you?
Ng ___ a rekik.	I am ___ years old.
Ng tela a dengua er kau?	What's your phone number?
A dengua er ngak a ___.	My phone number is ___.
Ke kiei er ker?	Where do you live?
Ak kiei er a ___.	I live ___.
Chochoi.	Yes.
Ng diak.	No.
Adang.	Please.
Sulang.	Thank you.
Ke mo er ker?	Where are you going?
Mechikung.	Goodbye.
Meral ma sulang!	Thank you very much!
A klebokel el bung	pretty flower.

Ọnụọgụ Palauan

1 ruo 10:

tang
erung
edei
euang
eim
elolm
euid
eai
etiu
tacher

Ndị Palauans nwere ọnụọgụ dị iche iche maka ihe dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịgụta ndị mmadụ, ọ bụ: tang, terung, tedei, teuang, teim, telolem, teuid, teai, tetiu, na teruich . Na omenala, e nwere usoro ngụkọ dị iche iche maka ndị mmadụ, ihe, ịgụta ọnụ, ụkpụrụ, ụyọkọ unere, nkeji oge, ihe ogologo, na rafts; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a anaghịzi eji.

Ihe ndetu

↑ The figure used here, for all countries, is from Ethnologue. According to the 2005 Palau Census, there are 18,544 people aged 5 years or older residing in the Republic of Palau, of whom 4,718 do not speak Palauan. There are thus an estimated 13,826 Palauan speakers in Palau as of 2005; the UNSD estimated 12,400 in Palau in 2008. This number does not include native Palauan speakers residing outside of Palau, who probably comprise several thousand additional speakers (4,000 according to Ethnologue). (See Nuger 2016:13.)
↑ Katakana is no longer widely used, since the orthography based on Latin script has received official status and is taught in schools. But see Matsumoto 2001:90.

Ntụaka

bụ ezie na ọnụnọ nke ikpeazụ na creole abụghị nke a ma ama ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụasụsụ na-asụ na Kalimantan, Indonesia na Sarawak mmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha otu, ebe aha rechad ndị mmadụ bụ aha mmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha ọtụtụ. Aha ndị na-abụghịmmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha otu, ebe aha rechad ndị mmadụ bụ aha mmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha ọtụtụ. Aha ndị na-abụghị

Njikọ mpụga

Online Palauan-English Dictionary. Retrieved on 1 November 2014.
A Palauan Linguistic Bibliography. Retrieved on 30 March 2008.
Airai, Palau: Language. Retrieved on 12 October 2007.
République de Belau (fr). Retrieved on 20 June 2007.
PREL - Pacific Area Language Materials: Palauan. Retrieved on 9 February 2008.
Japanese and Other Loanwords in Palauan (29 July 2007). Retrieved on 3 February 2008.
Robert Blust's fieldnotes for Palauan are archived at Kaipuleohone

[1] The figure used here, for all countries, is from Ethnologue. According to the 2005 Palau Census, there are 18,544 people aged 5 years or older residing in the Republic of Palau, of whom 4,718 do not speak Palauan. There are thus an estimated 13,826 Palauan speakers in Palau as of 2005; the UNSD estimated 12,400 in Palau in 2008. This number does not include native Palauan speakers residing outside of Palau, who probably comprise several thousand additional speakers (4,000 according to Ethnologue). (See Nuger 2016:13.)

[2] Katakana is no longer widely used, since the orthography based on Latin script has received official status and is taught in schools. But see Matsumoto 2001:90.

[1]

[2]