Asụsụ Pangkhu
| Pangkhua | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Bangladesh | |
| Region: | Bilaichari, Jorachari, Barkal, & Baghaichari districts, and parts of Rangamati district.Chamdur valley and Adjacent hills in Lawngtlai district, Tlabung and West Phaileng subdivision. | |
| Total speakers: | 3,200 in Bangladesh | |
| Language family: | Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Central Tibeto-Burman (?) Kuki-Chin-Naga Kuki-Chin Central Pangkhua | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | pkh
| |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Pangkhua (Pangkhu), ma ọ bụ Paang, bụ asụsụ Kuki-Chin nke a na-asụ na Bangladesh . Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Pangkhu na-asụ asụsụ abụọ na Bengali, a na-eduzi ọtụtụ agụmakwụkwọ na Pangkhu n'asụsụ ahụ.
Ebe ọ bụ na e nweghị akwụkwọ na Pangkhua, ma e wezụga akụkọ ifo na abụ, ndị obodo Pangkhua na-eji akwụkwọ Lushai eme ihe. Enwere obere ọdịiche asụsụ n'etiti Pangkhua, Tlanglau, Falam Chin, Bawm na Mizo . [1]
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba nke obodo abụọ bụ isi na-eji Pangkhu, Bilaichari na Konglak na-ekekọrịta 88% nke isi okwu ha. Ndị bi na Pangkhua Para na-ezo aka n'obodo ha dị ka Dinthar (IPA: /d̪int̪ʰar/ ; si Mizo d̪in 'stay' na Mizo na Pangkua t̪ʰar 'ọhụrụ')
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Pangkhu nwere fọnịm consonant iri abụọ na otu:
| Bilabial | Labio-eze | eze | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwụsị | Enweghị olu | , p h <ph> | t̪ <t>, t̪ h <th> | k, k h <kh> | ( ʔ ) | ||||
| Ekwuru | b | d̪ <d> | |||||||
| Nke na-ese okwu | Enweghị olu | f | s ~ ʃ | h ʔ | |||||
| Ekwuru | v | z | |||||||
| Mmekọrịta | t͡s <ch> | ||||||||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||||
| Ihu imi | m | n | ŋ <ng> | ||||||
| Mmanya | w | j <y> | |||||||
| N'akụkụ | l | ||||||||
Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ nanị nkwụsị na-enweghị olu na-enweghị isi, /h/, /r/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, na /l/ nwere ike ime na syllable coda. Mgbe nkwusi mere n'ọnọdụ coda, anaghị ahapụ ya nke ọma. Enwere ike ihichapụ mkpụrụedemede glottal fricative /h/ na mbido.
E nwekwara ụdaume ụdaume asaa:
| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elu | i | u | |
| N'etiti etiti | e | ||
| N'etiti | ə | ||
| Oghere-etiti | ʌ | ||
| Dị ala | ɑ | ɒ |
Udaume [æ] na-eje ozi dị ka allophone nke /e/ na [o] na-eje ozi dị ka allophone nke /u/. Ọdịiche ogologo ụdaume na-eme naanị n'ime mkpụrụokwu mechiri emechi na diphthong. Enwere diphthong 9, ndị a bụ /ɑi/, /ɑu/, /ei/, /eu/, /əu/, /ou/, /iɑ/, /uɑ/, na /ui/. Diphthong na ụdaume dị ogologo ka a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime mkpụrụokwu ọzọ.
Nhazi mkpụrụokwu bụ isi nke Pangkhu bụ (C)(L)V(X), ebe L bụ consonant mpụta yana X bụrụ consonant coda.
Enwere ụda abụọ: ụda dị elu na ụda dị ala. [2]
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbakwunye mpụta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Diminutive na augmentative
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Augmentative -pui na diminutive -te nwere ike ịtinye n'okwu ndị ikwu iji gosi afọ ma ọ bụ nha.
| Mgbọrọgwụ | Gloss | Nke dị ntakịrị | Augmentative |
|---|---|---|---|
| pɑ | nna | pɑte 'nwanne nna nna' | pɑpui 'oke nwanne nna' |
| nu | nne | nute 'nwanne nne nke obere' | nupui 'nwanne nke nne' |
| ihe | osisi | thingte 'osisi-osisi' | thingpui 'nnukwu osisi' |
| tui | mmiri | tuite 'obere osimiri' | tuipui 'osimiri' |
| kut | aka | kutte 'obere mkpịsị aka' | kutpui 'thumb' |
okike
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Suffixes okike -pɑ na -mɑ nwere ike nweta onye nrụtụ aka ọhụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ, dịka ọ dị na lɑl 'monarch', lɑlpɑ 'eze, na lɑlnu 'Queen'.
Negation
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Negation -ləu nwere ike suffixed na mgbọrọgwụ iji gosi megidere ya, dị ka na dam 'ahụ ike' na damləu 'na-arịa ọrịa'.
Ụdị aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na Pangkhua, ọ bụ naanị aha mmadụ ka enwere ike ịka akara maka ọtụtụ yana naanị animate akara maka okike. Aha ndị na-emekọrịta ihe na-ekekọrịta ọrụ yiri nkwenye n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ.
| Semantics | Ụdị | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Ebe | eze | site |
| kung | 'si, nso' | |
| laị | 'n'etiti' | |
| ler | 'n'elu' | |
| mang | 'n'ihu' | |
| nuɑi | 'n'okpuru' | |
| bụrụ abụ | 'n'ime' | |
| chung | 'n'elu' | |
| ọnụ | 'n'azụ, emechaa' | |
| Nwa oge | egwu/hun | 'n'oge' |
| Ntuziaka | akang | 'site' |
| Mkpakọrịta | iwu | 'na' |
| Ablative | nke (k) | 'si' |
| bara uru | (m̀) nke | 'maka' |
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Kim (2011). "The Kuki-Chin Communities of Bangladesh: A sociolinguistic survey". SIL International.
- ↑ Akter (2024). A Grammar of Pangkhua. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI:10.1515/9783111387673.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akter (2024). A Grammar of Pangkhua. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI:10.1515/9783111387673.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Hock (2016). "The languages, their histories, and their genetic classification", in Hans Henrich Hock: The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 9-240 [145]. DOI:10.1515/9783110423303-003.
- Akter, Zahid (2016). "The Endangermnaanị aha mmadụ ka enwere ike ịka akara maka ọtụtụ yana naanị animate akara maka okike.naanị aha mmadụ ka enwere ike ịka akara maka ọtụtụ yana naanị animate akara maka okike.ent and Documentation of the Pangkhua Language in Bangladesh". In: EWUCRT Working Paper no 10. East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- DeLancey (2021). "Classifying Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan) languages", in Paul Sidwell: The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A comprehensive guide. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 207-224 [215-216]. DOI:10.1515/9783110558142-012.