Asụsụ Pauna

Asụsụ Pauna, Paunaca, Paunaka, bụ asụsụ Arawakan na South America. Ọ bụ asụsụ dị oke egwu, nke sitere na ngalaba ndịda nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawakan ma a na-asụ ya na mpaghara Bolivian nke Chiquitanía, na nso Santa Cruz na ugwu nke mpaghara Chaco . Suffix -ka bụ ụdị morpheme nke asụsụ Chiquitano, mana ejirila ya na Pauna.

GEnwere ike inwe mmekọrịta na asụsụ Paiconeca, nke bụkwa akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Arawakan. Aikhenvald (1999) depụtara Paiconeca dị ka asụsụ dị iche, mana Kaufman (1994) were ya dị ka olumba Pauna.

Ọchịchị Spanish gbanwere kọntinent dum. A chụpụrụ ma dochie asụsụ ụmụ amaala na ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto anaghịzi na-akpakọrịta na mgbọrọgwụ asụsụ ha. Spanish na Chiquitano ghọrọ asụsụ ndị bụ isi na mpaghara Bolivia a, ọkachasị Spanish bụ ụzọ nkuzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'ihi eziokwu a ụmụaka na-elekwasị anya na Spanish kama ịbụ asụsụ mbụ ha. Ugbu a, a ka nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu iri na ndị na-asụ ọkara, ndị bi na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Bolivia n'etiti ndị Chiquitano. Otú ọ dị, mmadụ 150 na-eche na ha so n’agbụrụ ahụ, bụ́ nke ụfọdụ n’ime ha ka pụrụ ịghọta Paunaka. A na-enyocha asụsụ na omenala Panamaka ugbu a.

Fonology na phonotactics

A kọwara nrụgide dị na Paunaka dị ka dabere na morae karịa mkpụrụokwu. N'ọtụtụ okwu nwere morae atọ ma ọ bụ karịa, ụda olu na-adaba n'ụkwụ iambic ikpeazụ, na-agụta site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri. Ụda olu nke abụọ na-apụta n'ụkwụ ọ bụla ọzọ . Okwu Bimoraic nwere ụda olu trochaic, nke pụtara na ụda olu dara na mora mbụ.

Nhazi mkpụrụedemede ukwu n'asụsụ Paunaka bụ CV. Mkpụrụokwu ndị na-enweghị mgbanaka mmalite bụ ihe anabatara, ọ bụrụhaala na ha na-eme n'okwu-mbụ. Enwere ihe atụ nke usoro ụdaume na-eme (1) n'otu mkpụrụokwu, (dịka, kupisaire . 'fox'), na (2) gafee oke morpheme (dịka, niuma 'nna nna m).

Consonants

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Ihu imi	m ⟨ m ⟩	n ⟨ n ⟩			ɲ ⟨ ⟩
Plosive	p ⟨ p ⟩	t ⟨ t ⟩				k ⟨ ⟩
Nke na-ese okwu	β ⟨ b ⟩	s ⟨ s ⟩	( ʃ ) ⟨ xh ⟩	( ʂ ) ⟨ x ⟩			h ⟨ ⟩
Mmekọrịta		tʃ ⟨ ch ⟩
Mpịakọta		ɾ ⟨⟩
Semivowel					j ⟨ y ⟩

Ekwentị / β / nwere ike ime ka [b], [w] ma ọ bụ [v].

The postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ na retroflex fricative /ʂ/ bụ fọnịm ndị na-abụghị nke ala sitere na asụsụ Bésiro rutere Paunaka.

Udaume na diphthong niile na-eso /h/ ga-agbaze.

Udaume

	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Elu	i ⟨ i ⟩	ɨ ⟨⟩	u ⟨ ⟩
N'etiti	ɛ ⟨ ⟩
Dị ala		a ⟨ ⟩

Ekwentị /ɨ/ adịchaghị akwụrụ ọtọ, enwere ike mata ya dị ka [ə] ma ọ bụ [ʊ] n'okwu nkịtị.

Mid /ɛ/ nwere ike mebie ma bụrụkwa ya dị ka [ə] n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-enweghị isi.

Asụsụ Paunaka ọgbara ọhụrụ nwere naanị otu ụdaume gbara okirikiri /u/, mana nyocha ntụnyere Proto- Mojeño na Terena na-egosi na o sitere na sistemụ nwere ụdaume abụọ gbara okirikiri /u/ na /o/.

Morphosyntax

Paunaka bụ asụsụ na-egosi isi, asụsụ polysynthetic.

N'ime akwụkwọ ya, Terhart tụpụtara okwu a "akara akara" dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na-agụnye affixes, clitics, na ikpe oke. Ọtụtụ akara n'asụsụ Paunaka nwere obere nhọrọ, nke pụtara na enwere ike itinye ha n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke okwu, dị ka aha, ngwaa, na adjectives. Ọrụ ụtọasụsụ nke akara ndị ahụ gụnyere: mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ; otutu; ọnọdụ eziokwu (realis, irrealis); oge, akụkụ, ọnọdụ, na ihe àmà; akara akara (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe na-emewanye ike); ikpe.

Aha aha

O nweghị okike ụtọ asụsụ.

N'asụsụ Paunaka, e nwere klaasị atọ nke aha na-adabere na mmekọrịta ha na akara ihe onwunwe: enweghị ike ịpụpụ, alienable, na enweghị ike ịnweta.

Aha ndị na-enweghị ike ịgbagha ga-egosipụtarịrị onye nwe ya site na iji akara onye etinyere n'ihu onye nwe ya. Aha ndị nwere ike ime nwere ike mana ọ gaghị adị mkpa ka ha were akara nwere. N'ime ha, enwere obere klaasị abụọ: aha ndị enwere ike iji akara onye nwe akara akara (dịka ọmụmaatụ, yumaji 'hammock' → niyumaji 'My hammock'), na ndị chọrọ mgbakwunye mgbakwunye -ne n'ụdị nwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, sÿki 'basket' → nÿsÿkine ' nkata m').

N'ihe gbasara ndị nrụtụ aka mmadụ, a na-eji akara -nube akara ọtụtụ ugboro n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro . N'ihe banyere ndị na-abụghị ndị mmadụ, na-emekarị animate, ihe nkesa nkesa -jane enwere ike iji akara otutu. A na-eji ihe nrịbama mkpokọta -ji na aha na-ekwu maka ihe na-eme na oke ma ọ bụ na iyi, yana okwu ndị ikwu nke ejiri akara otutu akara.

Enwere ike ịka aha aha dị ka irrealis site n'ịgbakwunye suffix -ina. Nominal irrealis bụ udi grammatical nke pụtara na aha na-ezo aka n'ihe ebugoro n'uche nke na-adịbeghị adị. N'ahịrịokwu dị n'okpuru ebe a, ọkà okwu na-eji nominal irrealis kọwaa ogologo ọkpa ọ kwesịrị ịnata n'aka onye were ya n'ọrụ, mana ọ bụghị. The uwe ogologo ọkpa adị naanị ya na-atụ anya: N'ihe atụ ọzọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ irrealis na-ezo aka n'ọhịa nke nwata ahụ ga-emepụta n'ọdịnihu. N'oge nkwupụta a, ubi ahụ adịbeghị: Ịka akara ikpe ebe, -yae agbakwunyere na aha na-ekwupụta mmekọrịta gbasara ohere n'ahịrịokwu, dị ka ebe, ebumnuche, ma ọ bụ isi mmalite. Ọ na-egosipụta njikọ gbasara oghere ndị a kacha atụ anya, na nkọwa ya dị ka "na," "na," ma ọ bụ "na" dabere na gburugburu na ọdịdị nke aha na-egosi ọnọdụ. Enwere ike ịwepu akara ebe ahụ mgbe njikọ gbasara oghere na-ezo aka na aha kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụ mgbe ihe gbara ya gburugburu pụtara ìhè. Iji kwupụta "n'ime", nhazi ọkwa -kÿ ma ọ bụ stem -j(ÿ)ekÿ ("n'ime") ka a na-eji, nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ enweghị ike jikọta ya na akara ebe -yae . Maka mmekọ gbasara oghere ndị ọzọ, dịka, “n'okpuru,” “na-esote,” “na,” ka a na-eji aha njikọ, nke a na-ejikọta ya na aha na-egosi ọnọdụ ahụ. Aha njikọ na-ewere akara ebe -yae, na aha na-egosi ebe ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nwe ya.

Asụsụ Paunaka nwere otu akara nbibi, -mÿnÿ, nke enwere ike ịgbakwunye n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke okwu, gụnyere aha, ngwaa, adjectives, na, obere oge, na nnochiaha ngosipụta na ọnụọgụgụ. A na-eji ya egosipụta ntakiri; mmetụta ịhụnanya, ọmịiko; obi umeala, ọmịiko; ma ọ bụ ime ka okwu ngwaa dị nro:

Ngwaa

Enwere ike kewaa ngwaa dị n'asụsụ Paunaka ụzọ abụọ bụ isi: stive na arụ ọrụ .

Ngwaa stive na-abụkarị ndị anaghị agbanwe agbanwe, na-akọwa steeti, àgwà ma ọ bụ njirimara. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ngwaa kwụ ọtọ nwere ike were ihe dị n'ụdị nkebiokwu aha ma ọ bụ mmeju ọnụ; enwere ike ịhụ ihe dị otú ahụ na ngwaa -(i)chuna 'nwere ike, mara':

Nkpọaha

Enwere nnọchiaha nkeonwe maka onye nke mbụ na nke abụọ nke otu na ọtụtụ, mana enweghị nnọchiaha maka onye nke atọ. Emebere ha site na ijikọta akara onye na morpheme -ti, nke nwere ike jikọta na akara nrịbama na-enweghị -ti . A na-eji nnọchiaha onwe onye emesi ike pụrụ iche ma na-emekarị n'ọnọdụ tupu ngwaa.

Asụsụ Paunaka nwere nnọchiaha ngosipụta atọ: eka, echÿu, na nechÿu . Eka na echÿu bụ ngosi ngosi nke nwere ike ime naanị ya dị ka nnọchiaha ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka adjectives. Enweghị ọdịiche doro anya dị nso —ha abụọ nwere ike na-ezo aka n'ihe ndị dị nso ma n'ebe dị anya n'ebe ọkà okwu nọ. Onwere ihe egosi na mbu eka nwere ike ịbụ proximal na echÿu pụtara etiti etiti, mana ọdịiche a apụọla kemgbe. Mkpọaha aha abụọ a nwere ike iwebata nkeji okwu dị n'okpuru, ọ bụ ezie na echÿu a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọnọdụ a. Eka nwekwara ike na-eme dị ka njikọ, na-ejikọta ahịrịokwu, ma nke a bụ obere nkịtị. Enwere ike iji ya dị ka mgbaka ọkụ (tụnyere Bekee "uhm"). Nechÿu bụ ihe ngosi nwere ọrụ aha ma ọ bụ adverbial, na-ezo aka na ihe ma ọ bụ ebe dị anya site na ma ọkà okwu ma onye na-ekwu okwu. N'adịghị ka eka na echÿu, nechÿu adịghị eji ewebata ikwu nkebi ahịrịokwu ma ọ bụ dị ka njikọ.

A na-eji nnochiaha ajụjụ ọnụ na-akpụ ajuju gbasara akụkụ dị iche iche nke ahịrịokwu ma na-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ na mmalite nke ahịrịokwu. Otu ụdịdị ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ma ajụjụ ọnụ na-ajụkarị ma na-enweghi ngwụcha: chija 'ihe, onye' na juchubu Enwere ike iji 'ebe' dị ka 'ihe, onye' na 'ebe,' n'otu n'otu.

Adjectives

Ịdị adị nke klaasị grammatical dị iche iche nke adjectives n'asụsụ Paunaka bụ arụmụka. Isi mmalite na-egosi na e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke adjectives, na ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ndị na-akọwa njirimara ka e ji ngwaa steepụ akọwa. Ka o sina dị, ụfọdụ okwu dị n'asụsụ Paunaka na-egosi njirimara nke adjectives na nkewa ha dị ka nke a.

A na-ejikarị adjectives n'asụsụ Paunaka eme ihe n'ebumnuche kama ịbụ n'ụdị.

Ihe nrịbama nke onye na-emecha azudị ajị dị ụkọ, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na njiri mara na-ezokarị aka na mmadụ atọ. Naanị adjective nwere ike iwere akara mmadụ bụ micha 'dị mma' na ihe ndị mejupụtara ya.

Enwere ike ịhụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti adjectives na aha n'omume ha mgbe ejikọtara ya na ọkwa ọkwa. Adjectives nwere classifiers na-akọwa njirimara (karịsịa udi) nke onye nrụpụta, ebe aha ndị nwere classifiers na-etolite aha ọhụrụ na-egosi onye nrụpụta ọhụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ okwu ndị a pụrụ iwere dị ka adjectives na-adabere na semantics na-egosipụtakwa atụmatụ nke klaasị ụtọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka aha.

Ọnụọgụ

Asụsụ Paunaka nwere naanị otu ọnụọgụ obodo, chÿnachÿ, nke pụtara “otu.” A na-eche na "chÿ" dabara na akara onye nke atọ, na "-na" bụ ọkwa ọkwa ndabara (dịka ọnụọgụ niile dị n'asụsụ ndị metụtara ya na-ewere nhazi ọkwa). Enweghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla gbasara usoro nkọwa nke "chÿ" ikpeazụ. Ebitere ọnụọgụgụ niile nwere ọnụ ahịa karịrị otu site na Spanish, yana ogo ntinye dị iche iche na asụsụ Paunaka. Ọnụọgụ ndị ahụ ruschÿ 'abụọ' na treschÿ 'atọ' (ha abụọ agbazitere na Spanish) bụ nke agbakwunyere na, dị ka chÿnachÿ, nwere ngwụcha “-chÿ” Maka ọnụọgụgụ karịrị atọ, ọnụnọ “-chÿ” adịchaghị atụ anya, ma dabere na ọkà okwu.

Njikọ mpụga

Ntụaka

kacha atụ anya, na nkọwa ya dị ka "na," "na," ma ọ bụ "na" dabere na gburugburu na ọdịdị nke aha na-egosi ọnọdụ. Enwere ike ịwepu akara ebe ahụ mgbe njikọ gbasara oghere na-ezo aka na aha kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụ mgbe ihe gbara ya gburugburu pụtara ìhè. Iji kwupụta "n'ime", nhazi ọkwa -kÿ ma ọ bụ stem -j(ÿ)ekÿ ("n'ime") ka a na-eji, nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ enweghị ike jikọta ya na akara ebe -yae . Maka mmekọ gbasara oghere ndị ọzọ, dịka, “n'okpuru,” “na-esote,” “na,” ka a na-eji aha njikọ, nke a na-ejikọta ya na aha na-egosi ọnọdụ ahụ. Aha njikọ na-ewere akara ebe -yae, na aha na-egosi ebe ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nwe

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 1999. "Ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawak". Na: Dixon & Aikhenvald (eds.), Asụsụ Amazonian . Cambridge: Mahadum Mahadum Cambridge, 65–106. ISBN 0-521-57021-2