Asụsụ Pauwasi
Asụsụ Pauwasi nwere ike ịbụ ezinụlọ nke asụsụ Papuan, ọkachasị na Indonesia. Ezinụlọ ndị a kacha mma bụ naanị ndị nwere njikọ tere aka. Asụsụ Pauwasi kacha mma kọwara bụ Karkar, n'ofe oke na Papua New Guinea. A na-asụ ha gburugburu isi mmiri nke Osimiri Pauwasi dị na mpaghara ókèala Indonesian na PNG.
Dabere na ọrụ mbụ, a na-ekewa asụsụ East na West Pauwasi nke Indonesia ọnụ na Wurm (1975), n'agbanyeghị na ya (na ndị nchọpụta mechara) aghọtaghị na Yuri (Karkar) nke Papua New Guinea bụkwa East Pauwasi. Usher mere njikọ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ amatala njikọ ahụ ogologo oge. Mgbe e mesịrị, Usher chọpụtakwara asụsụ South Pauwasi, na ezinụlọ West Pauwasi gbasakwara nke nta nke nta. Wichmann (2013), Foley (2018) na Pawley & Hammarström (2018), na-achọpụta ọdịiche dị nkọ n'etiti otu atọ ahụ, na-ekwenyeghị na ma West Pauwasi, East Pauwasi na South Pauwasi metụtara. [1] [2]
Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ntinye nke Molof (Poule) bụ nke kachasị echere (dịka nke 2020).
Asụsụ ndị ahụ anọghị nso: n'agbanyeghị na asụsụ ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ nwere njikọ chiri anya, Yafi na Emumu bụ naanị 25% lexically. Pawley na Hammarström (2018) na-ajụkwa ma Eastern Pauwasi na Western Pauwasi nwere njikọ n'ezie. Ha na-achọpụtakwa na Tebi na Towei dị nnọọ iche n'ebe ibe ha nọ, ma eleghị anya ọ bụchaghị na ha na ibe ha na-akpakọrịta. [1]
Karkar-Yuri, nke a na-eche ogologo oge na ọ bụ onye dịpụrụ adịpụ na Papua New Guinea, nwere njikọ doro anya ma nwee ike iji Emumu na Indonesia mepụta otu olumba. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-agba akaebe na asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ bụ nke na-ejighị n'aka na ha bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Pauwasi (ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-ejikọta ibe ha), ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na okwu ndị a na-emekarị bụ ego mgbazinye ego na ha mejupụtara ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na njikọ ezinụlọ nwere ike ịdị.
Ewughachibeghị ụdị proto nke nnọchiaha aha. Ụdị akwadoro gụnyere:
| 1sg | 2sg | 1pl | 2pl | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| West | Dubu (Tebi) | no, nok | fo, fro | numu, nəmu | nimia, nəmia |
| Towei | ŋo, oŋgo | fo, u, ŋgo | nu | yu- | |
| Afra (Usku) | o-, a- | po-, pu- | no | so | |
| Namla | na | wuŋgiknoko | mani | yuka | |
| Tofamna 1 | ne | wo | Templeeti:Sc ŋu Templeeti:Sc nukwe |
dule | |
| Tofamna 2 | niawi | wame | Templeeti:Sc mlo Templeeti:Sc wone |
||
| East | Yafi (Zorop) | nam | nem, nəm, am | nin | nin-, nəm- |
| Emumu (Emem) | (w)ɔna(o) | mo, mao | ninao, nino | nimao, nəmou | |
| Karkar | ɔnɔ | amɔ | yino, namo | yumo, yimung | |
| South | Yetfa | nawo, nya(wo) | powo, pa | no(wo), nana | so, sef- |
| Kimki | win | (p)ume | name, nar | same | |
| Murkim | nuːk | hak(o) | nakme(-re) | sakme-re | |
| Molof (Poule) | məik, mai | in, ni | ti-PL (Templeeti:Sc also inte) |
in-PL | |
Yafi na Emumu yiri nke ahụ, Dubu na Towei nwere ike kekọrịta 1pl *numu, mana ọ nweghị njikọ pụtara ìhè n'etiti ha. Dubu no na Yafi nam nwere ike igosi pTNG *na, na Towei ngo pTNG *ga (*nga), na otutu pTNG *nu na *ni.
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Stephen Wurm (1975) kewara asụsụ Western (Indonesian) dịka ngalaba nke phylum Trans–New Guinea (TNG), ọnọdụ Malcolm Ross (2005) jigidere ya. Nhazi TNG nke Ross gbadoro ụkwụ na nnọchiaha onwe onye . Ebe ọ bụ na ọnweghị nnọchiaha nwere ike wuliteghachi site na data dị na asụsụ Indonesian Pauwasi anabataghị nke ọma, nke bụcha ihe niile a ghọtara dị ka Pauwasi n'oge ahụ, ọ bụ naanị nleba anya ka a ga-eme, dabere n'ihe ole na ole n'okwu nkọwa. Ụfọdụ nnochiaha Dubu na Yafi dị ka ha nwere ike ịbụ TNG. Otú ọ dị, Ross gụrụ Karkar, bụ́ nke e ji mara nnọchiaha ndị ahụ, dị ka ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ihi na nnọchiaha ya ejighị ụkpụrụ dị ka TNG. N'oge a, amabeghị njirimara ya dị ka asụsụ Pauwasi.
Pawley na Hammarström (2018) echeghị na e nwere ihe akaebe zuru oke maka asụsụ Pauwasi ka a ga-ekewa dị ka akụkụ nke Trans-New Guinea, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-ahụ ihe ndị na-esonụ lexical yiri n'etiti Tebi, Yafi, na proto-Trans-New Guinea . [1]
- Tebi ne 'rie' < *na-
- Tebi mi, Yafi yemar 'louse' < *iman, *niman
Foley (2018) na-ekwu na Western Pauwasi nwere myirịta nkọwa okwu Trans-New Guinea karịa East Pauwasi nwere. Ọ na-ekwu na Karkar-Yuri na asụsụ Trans-New Guinea na-emekọ ihe ụfọdụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ohere, kọntaktị, ma ọ bụ ihe nketa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. [2]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- 1 2 3 Pawley (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family", in Palmer: The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide, The World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- 1 2 Foley (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs", in Palmer: The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide, The World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Voorhoeve, Asụsụ CL nke Irian Jaya: Ndepụta ndenye. Nhazi mbido, maapụ asụsụ, ndepụta okwu . B-31, iv + 133 ibe. Pacific Linguistics, Mahadum Mba Ọstrelia, 1975. doi : 10.15144/PL-B31
- Voorhoeve, CL "Ihe ndetu dị iche iche na asụsụ dị na West Irian, New Guinea". Na Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. na Wurm, ndị editọ SA, Akwụkwọ na New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, Mahadum Mba Ọstrelia, 1971. doi : 10.15144/PL-A28.47
- Galis, Klaas Wilhelm. 1956. Ethnologische Survey van het Jafi-district (Onderafdeling Hollandia) Hollandia: Gọọmenti van Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea. (nwere ndepụta okwu nke ma asụsụ West Pauwasi na East Pauwasi)