Asụsụ Pendau

 

Pendau (Ndaoe, Ndau), ma ọ bụ Umalasa, bụ asụsụ Celebic nke Sulawesi na Indonesia nke ndị Pendau 4000 bi na Central Sulawesi na-asụ. Ekewapụtara dị ka asụsụ dị ize ndụ, a na-asụ Pendau n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ime obodo Pendau ebe a na-eji Indonesian agwa obodo ndị gbara agbata obi ma bụrụ asụsụ agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka na ndị isi n'èzí. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ndị na-ekwu okwu dị na na gburugburu Kecamatan Balaesang . Enweghị olumba a ma ama n'ime mpaghara Pendau, ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-ekwu okwu sitere na ala nwere ike ịmata ma ọkà okwu si na Balaesang peninsula site na 'ụda' ha ma ọ bụ usoro ntinye. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ụfọdụ ndị isi Pendau esorola gọọmenti ime obodo arụkọ ọrụ iji chekwaa asụsụ ha n'akụkụ Indonesian. [ 3 ]

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-edekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Pendau n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-ejikọta akụkọ ihe mere eme site na akụkọ ifo na omenala ọnụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị nchọpụta Europe debere, mmepe asụsụ Pendau, na ọnọdụ Pendau ugbu a. N'adịghị ka otu ndị agbata obi, ndị okenye Pendau kwenyere na ndị Pendau enwebeghị eze ma na-ele onwe ha anya dị ka enweghị ọdịiche dị na klas, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ nhazi dị na mkpebi na mkpebi esemokwu . Akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara Pendau sitere na 1795, mgbe a hụrụ otu ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri America nke Captain David Woodward duuru n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Sulawesi . N'agbata afọ 1925-1935, ndị nkwusa Indonesian zụrụ azụ malitere ịbịa, ọtụtụ n'ime Pendau taa bụ ndị gọọmenti debanyere aha dị ka Ndị Kraịst ma na-eme Iso Ụzọ Kraịst (n'agbanyeghị na a ka na-eme ọtụtụ akụkụ nke animism ). N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị Japan weghaara Indonesia . Ụfọdụ Pendau ka na-agụpụta nkebi ahịrịokwu na abụ Japanese, n'agbanyeghị na enwere echiche dị iche iche gbasara ọrụ na ọrụ ahụ kọwara dị ka oge siri ike nke ọtụtụ ndị na-echeta ya. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ ndị Pendau ebiwo ndụ ha n'ịrụ ígwè, ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta, ịkụ azụ, na ime sago . [ 4 ]

Nkesa ala

Pendau na-ebikarị na obere obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na Donggala n'etiti Balaesang na Dampal Utara . Balaesang Peninsula na-etolite oke ugwu nke ya nke na-aga n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, na-ekewa ụsọ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime Pendau na-ebi n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụta mpaghara mpaghara Sirenja dị ka oke oke ndịda nke mpaghara na-asụ Pendau.

fonology

Udaume

Pendau nwere ụdaume ise: ụdaume abụọ n'ihu, /i/ na /e/, otu ụdaume etiti /a/, na ụdaume abụọ azụ, /ɯ/ (orthographic ⟨ u ⟩ ) na /o/ . Ọtụtụ ụdaume enweghị okirikiri yana /o/ bụ naanị ụdaume gbara okirikiri na Pendau. Pendau enweghị diphthongs . [ 6 ]

	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Elu	i		ɯ ⟨ ị ⟩
N'etiti	e		o
Dị ala		a

Nhazi W-glide

Udaume dị elu na-enweghị okirikiri ( /u/ ) na-agbanwe gaa na glide labial-velar ( /w/ ) mgbe ọ na-abịa n'ihu syllable na-enweghị consonant na mmalite ọnọdụ . Mgbe nke a mere, glide labial-velar na-ewere ọnọdụ nke consonant mmalite, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ga-abụ syllables. [ 7 ]

Consonants

Pendau nwere consonant fọnịm 19, ọ bụ ezie na ⟨ w ⟩ (nke na-abụghị ụda ụda olu) pụtara n'akwụkwọ edemede ya. E nwere ebe ise dị iche iche nke okwu na ụzọ isii dị iche iche nke ikwu okwu . Enwere affricates abụọ na Pendau, eze sibilant afficate na-enweghị olu ( /t̪ʃ/ ) na okwu alveolar sibilant africate ( /dʒ/ ). [ 6 ]

	Labial	Dental-Alveolar	Alveo-Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Ihu imi	m	n̪ ⟨ n ⟩	ɲ ⟨ ⟩	ŋ ⟨ ⟩
Plosive	p	t̪ ⟨ t ⟩	t̪ʃ ⟨ c ⟩	k	ʔ ⟨ ' ⟩
	b	d	dʒ ⟨ j ⟩	ɡ
Nke na-ese okwu	β ⟨ v ⟩	s̪ ⟨ s ⟩			h
Mmiri mmiri		ɭ ⟨ l ⟩
Trill		r̪ ⟨ r ⟩
Semivowel	( w )			j ⟨ y ⟩

Allphones

N'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ, a na-akpọ plosives na-enweghị olu dị ka allophone anaghị ewepụta : dịka [p] na [api] na-aghọ a [p̚] na [aɭap̚] . Allphones ndị ọzọ na Pendau gụnyere imi eze a na-ekwupụta [n̪] ịghọ eze syllabic [n̩] na imi velar a na-ekwupụta [ŋ] ịghọ syllabic velar imi [ŋ̩] tupu ihe mgbochi homorganic dị ka na [n̩dau] na [ŋ̩ka:t̪̚] . [ 6 ]

Ọmụmaatụ nke Allophones

/p/ na /p̚/ [ 8 ]
api	[api]	'ọkụ'
alap	[aɭap̚]	'were'
/t̪/ na /t̪̚/ [ 8 ]
tinting	[t̪int̪iŋ]	'oge'
udut	[udut̪̚]	'ihe nkesa'
/k/ na /k̚/ [ 9 ]
kareva	[kareβa]	'akụkọ'
tanduk	[t̪anduk̚]	'mpi'
/n̪/ na /n̩/ [ 10 ]
nabo	[n̪aboʔ]	'uko ụlọ'
ndau	[n̩dau]	' mba'
/ŋ/ na /ŋ̩/ [ 10 ]
nyaa	[ŋa:]	'emela'
ngkaat	[ŋ̩ka:t̪̚]	'obere ire ọkụ'

Olu na-adịghị mma

Nkwụsị glottal ( /ʔ/ ) mgbe ụfọdụ na-aghọta dị ka creaky olu . A chọpụtala na "n'ọnọdụ nkwụsị n'ezie, ụdị ụda olu na-ada ụda nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ ụdị ụda olu siri ike nke na-adịchaghị njọ nwere ike ịdokwasị na ụda olu." [ 11 ] Olu na-akpụ akpụ na-egosipụta n'otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime ụdaume na-agbagharị agbagharị ebe nkwụsị glottal gaara abụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji [V̰] dee olu dị egwu. na [riV̰uo], ebe olu dị egwu pụtara n'etiti [i] na [o] ka otu ụdaume na-agbanwe n'ime ụdaume na-esote.

Ọmụmaatụ nke Creaky Voice

ri'uo [ 12 ]	[riV̰uo]	'n'ime/site/na ebe ahụ'
so'uya [ 12 ]	[s̪oV̰uja]	' gịnị kpatara'

Nhazi mkpụrụedemede

Ihe ndebiri syllabic dị na Pendau bụ (C)V(C). Pendau bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Sulawesi ole na ole nwere usoro nkwenye ikpeazụ zuru oke (dịka ọmụmaatụ asụsụ Kaiili agbataobi na-enye ohere naanị CV na V, ebe egosipụtara ụkpụrụ syllable na Pendau gụnyere VC na CVC). [ 13 ]

Ụdị	Ngwa ngwa	Ntụgharị asụsụ
V	n.da. ị [ 14 ]	' mba'
CV	wa . na [ 7 ]	'anunu ehi'
VC	na.nang.la. ọ [ 15 ]	'onye ngwọrọ'
CVC	wa. lan .da.no [ 16 ]	'Walandano (obodo)'

N'ihe atụ a dị n'elu, /n/ na ndau na-akpa àgwà dị ka syllabic consonant .

Nkesa consonant na syllable

	p	t	c	k	b	d	j	g	m	n	ny	ng	v	s	h	'	l	r	y
Mmalite	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	+	X	X	X	X
Coda	X	X	-	X	X	X	-	X	X	X	-	X	-	X	-	X	X	X	X

Na tebụl dị n'elu, X pụtara na consonant nwere ike nọrọ n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche na syllable na + pụtara na ọ bụ ụda ekwentị. Na Pendau, /h/ bụ naanị fọnịm, a na-eche na a ga-esi na okwu mbinye ego Indonesian nweta ya.

Nchegbu

Nchegbu na-adaba mgbe niile na mkpụrụ edemede penultimate na enweghị akara. Okwu dị na Pendau chọrọ opekata mpe mkpụrụokwu abụọ, nke na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ nrụgide a. Ụfọdụ akọwawo usoro a dị ka " ụda olu " n'ihi na mgbanwe nke nrụgide na-esonyere ngbanwe nke ụda (dị ka a tụrụ na Hz). Otú ọ dị, Phil Quick, onye edemede nke A Grammar of the Pendau Language, na-ekwu na "ojiji nke 'pitch accent' ekwesịghị inwe mgbagwoju anya na asụsụ ndị dị ka Japanese nke 'pitch accent' bụ okwu a na-eji egosi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke lexical yiri asụsụ ụda ... Ya mere na nkà na ụzụ mgbe ahụ, e nwere ụdị abụọ nke ụda ụda olu, ndị dị ka Japanese ebe pitch-accent bụ ndị na-abụghị ụda ụda dị ka ekwentị. " [ 17 ]

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ

Pendau na-eji affixation (gụnyere prefixes, infixes, na suffixes ) ma nwee klaasị ngwaa asaa nke ahaziri dị ka transitive, intransitive, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta agwakọta. Pendau na-egosi ọtụtụ ojiji nke clitics, mmụgharị, na nkwekọrịta isiokwu nwere oke .

Nkwekọrịta

Nkwekọrịta isiokwu na-eme naanị na ngwaa abụọ nwere ike ( ya bụ, ngwaa na-egosi ike ime ihe ahụ): ma'ule 'ike' na matua 'nwere ike.' Ngwaa ndị a n'onwe ha ka ejiri prefixed ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ n'ezie. [ 24 ]

Irealis	Realis
matua [ 25 ]	natua	'nwere ike'
ma'ule [ 25 ]	na'ule	'nwere ike'

Ihe atụ ndị dị n'okpuru na-egosi matua na nkwekọrịta isiokwu onye mbụ.  

Syntax

Usoro usoro okwu

Usoro okwu bụ isi na Pendau bụ SVO ma ọ bụ VOS, na nke mbụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Nkọwa okwu ọnụ na-egosi ihe ọrụ semantic bụ nke arụmụka na ọnọdụ isiokwu ( onye nnọchi anya ma ọ bụ onye ọrịa ). [ 26 ]   

Ndaghari olu

Enwere ike iji ụda ntụgharị (VOS) mee naanị na ngwaa ntụgharị, yana ngwaa niile na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ike ịmegharị maka olu ntụgharị. Ngwaa ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe kwesịrị ịghọ ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe site na mwepụta tupu ha enwee ike ịbụ n'olu ntụgharị. Ma ọ bụghị ya, usoro okwu na Pendau (na usoro okwu maka ahịrịokwu niile na-atụgharị) bụ SVO. [ 28 ]

Ntụkwasị obi

Pendau bụ asụsụ amụma . [ 29 ] Enwere preposition atọ: ila ( ablative noun marker ), ri = ( akara nkebiokwu mpaghara ), na sono ( commitative noun phrase marker ). [ 30 ] Ihe nrịbama atụpụtara nwere ike ịbụ ma okwu nọọrọ onwe ya na okwu mgbochi .

Nkọwapụta ( ila ) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka okwu nọọrọ onwe ya   Preposition ( ri= ) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka proclitic  

Ihe ndetu

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Ntụaka

Akwụkwọ akụkọ

• Quick (2007). A grammar of the Pendau language of central Sulawesi, Indonesia, Pacific Linguistics 590. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 9780858835818. OCLC 314374225.