Asụsụ Proto-Bantu
Proto-Bantu bụ nna ochie arụgharịrị arụgharịrị nke asụsụ Bantu, otu obere asụsụ ndịda Bantoid . A na-eche na e burula ụzọ asụ ya n’Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ/Ebe Etiti Africa n’ógbè ebe bụ́ Cameroon ugbu a. Ihe dị ka afọ 6,000 gara aga, ọ kewara na Proto-Southern Bantoid mgbe mgbasawanye Bantu malitere na ndịda na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ekwupụtawo echiche abụọ banyere otú asụsụ ndị ahụ si gbasaa: otu bụ na ndị na-asụ Bantu bu ụzọ gaa na mpaghara Kongo wee kewaa alaka ụlọ ọrụ wee kwaga East Africa; nke ọzọ (yikarịrị) bụ na otu abụọ ahụ kewara site na mmalite, otu na-aga na mpaghara Congo, na nke ọzọ na East Africa. [1]
Dị ka asụsụ proto-asụsụ ndị ọzọ, enweghị ndekọ nke Proto-Bantu. Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ wuzigharịrị okwu ya na ịkpọ okwu ya. Site n'okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ nke e wugharịrị na ndabere nke asụsụ Bantu nke oge a, ọ dị ka ọrụ ugbo, ịkụ azụ, na iji ụgbọ mmiri amaralarị ndị Bantu tupu mgbasawanye ha amalite, ma a ka amabeghị ọrụ ígwè. Nke a na-etinye ụbọchị mmalite nke mgbasawanye ebe n'etiti 3000 BC na 800 BC.
Echiche pere mpe na-eme ka e nwee obi abụọ na Proto-Bantu, dị ka asụsụ ejikọrọ ọnụ, dị adị n'ezie n'oge tupu mgbasawanye Bantu, ma ọ bụ na Proto-Bantu abụghị otu asụsụ kama ọ bụ otu olu olu nwere njikọ. Otu ọkà mmụta, Roger Blench, na-ede, sị: "Arụmụka sitere na nkà mmụta asụsụ ntụnyere nke jikọtara asụsụ dị iche iche nke mpaghara A na ezigbo nrụzigharị adịghị adị. Ọtụtụ ndị na-azọrọ na Proto-Bantu bụ nanị n'otu obere obere, ma ọ bụ na-akwado ya n'èzí Bantu kwesịrị ekwesị." echiche a si dị, Bantu bụ n'ezie otu polyphyletic na-ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ezinụlọ dị nta nke na-emecha bụrụ nke ezinụlọ (nke ukwuu) Southern Bantoid.
Urheimat
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ala nna nke Proto-Bantu yikarịrị ka ọ dị n'akụkụ oke ọhịa dị n'akụkụ osimiri Sanaga na Nyong nke ndịda Cameroon. [2] [3] [4] A na-echebu na proto-Bantu sitere na mpaghara oke n'etiti Nigeria na Cameroon. Otú ọ dị, nchọpụta ọhụrụ gosiri na ọ ga-abụ ebe mbụ Proto-Southern Bantoid, tupu ọ gbasaa na ndịda na Cameroon ogologo oge tupu Proto-Bantu apụta. [5] [6] [7]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ewughachi Proto-Bantu ka ọ nwee obere ngwa ahịa nke consonants 11 na ụdaume 7.
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Igwefoto ekwentị ndị dị n'elu gosipụtara nnukwu allophony, na nghọta nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha amabeghị.
- Consonants na-enweghị olu *p, *t, *k fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'ezie ekwuwapụtara dị ka plosive dị mfe [p], [t], [k] .
- Mkpịsị aka ụda olu *b na *g nwekwara ike bụrụkwa fricative [β] (ma ọ bụ [v] ) na [ɣ] n'ebe ụfọdụ.
- *d bụ ihe na-adịghị mma [d] n'ihu ụdaume dị elu (*i, *u) na mpụta [l] tupu ụdaume ndị ọzọ.
- *c na *j nwere ike ịbụ plosives [c] na [ɟ], affricates [tʃ] na [dʒ] ma ọ bụ ọbụna sibilants [s] na [z] . [j] dịkwa ike maka *j.
Consonants enweghị ike ime na njedebe nke syllable, naanị na mmalite ya. Ya mere, usoro mkpụrụokwu na-abụkarị V ma ọ bụ CV, ma enwere naanị mkpụrụokwu mepere emepe .
Ihe a na-akpọ "pre-nasalised" consonants bụ usoro nke imi na ihe na-esote. Ha nwere ike ime ebe ọ bụla anabatara otu consonant, gụnyere okwu-mbụ. Consonants na-enweghị olu adịchaghị adị, dịka ekwuru ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Nkwupụta nke imi na-emegharị na nkwupụta nke consonant na-esonụ ka e wee were imi dị ka otu fọnịm imi na-akọwapụtaghị (nke e gosiri dị ka *N ) nke nwere allophone anọ nwere ike ime. Na omenala, a na-ede labial pre-imi *m ebe ndị ọzọ na-ede * n.
- mb, *mp; ụda olu *Nb, *Np
- *nd, *nt; na ụda olu *Nd, *Nt
- *nj,*nc; phonemically *Nj, *Nc (a na-akpọ n'ezie dị ka *ɲj, *ɲc)
- *ng,*nk; phonemically *Ng, *Nk (a na-akpọ n'ezie dị ka *ŋg, *ŋk)
Igwe ekwentị nke mbụ velar /ŋ/, nke dị n'asụsụ Bantoid, furu efu na Proto-Bantu. Ọ ka na-eme n'ụdị ụda olu n'ime consonants a na-ewepụtabeghị ya mana ọ bụghị dị ka fọnịm.
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Azu | |
|---|---|---|
| Mechie | *i | *u |
| Nso nso | * | *ʊ |
| Oghere-etiti | *e | *o |
| Mepee | *a | |
Nnọchite anya nke ụdaume nwere ike ịdị iche karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ọkwa abụọ "etiti" nke mmechi. Ụfọdụ na-ahọrọ igosi ntọala nso nso dị ka *e na *o, na-egosipụtakwa ihe ndị ọzọ mepere emepe dị ka *ɛ na *ɔ.
Mkpụrụokwu na-akwụsị mgbe niile na ụdaume mana ha nwekwara ike iji otu malite. Ụdaume nwekwara ike ịpụta mgbe ụfọdụ n'usoro mana ha etoliteghị diphthong ; ụdaume abụọ dị n'akụkụ bụ mkpụrụokwu dị iche iche. Ọ bụrụ na abụọ n'ime otu ụdaume jikọtara ọnụ, nke ahụ na-emepụta ụdaume ogologo, mana nke ahụ dị ụkọ.
Ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Proto-Bantu pụrụ iche ụda abụọ, dị ala na elu. Mkpụrụokwu ọ bụla nwere ma ụda dị ala ma ọ bụ dị elu. A na-egosipụta ụda dị elu ka ọ na-eji nnukwu ụda olu (´), na ụda olu dị ala ka ejiri ụda olu (`) gosi ma ọ bụ enweghị akara ma ọlị.
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Klas aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Proto-Bantu, dị ka ụmụ ụmụ ya, nwere usoro aha klaasị . E jiri prefix aha tinye akara aha aha iji kọwapụta ihe ha pụtara. Okwu ndị ọzọ metụtara ma ọ bụ na-ezo aka na aha ahụ, dị ka adjectives na ngwaa, nwetakwara nganiihu nke dabara na klas nke aha (" nkwekọrịta " ma ọ bụ "concord").
Maho na-enye nkọwa sara mbara nke ụdị ise nke Bantu concordial sistem. Enwere ike kewaa asụsụ ndị sitere na Proto-Bantu n'ime ụdị ise nke ọ bụla.
- Ụdị A : Omenala, nke ọma
- Ụdị B : Omenala nwere concords animate izugbe
- Ụdị C : SG/PL-marking dabeere na Animacy
- Ụdị D : naanị akara SG/PL
- Ụdị E : Enweghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla
Tebụl na-esonụ na-enye mwughachi nke usoro nke klaasị ọnụ. Edozila mkpọmkpọ okwu iji jiri akara ɪ na ʊ . Ọrụ izizi Guthrie na-eji y akọwa ọkara ụdaume palatal, nke emeziri ka ọ jiri akara j .
| Number | Bleek 1869 |
Meinhof 1932 |
Meeussen 1967 |
Guthrie 1971 |
Welmers 1974 |
Demuth 2000 |
Typical meaning(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mo- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | Humans, animate |
| 2 | *ba- | *ʋa- | *ba- | *ba- | *va- | *va- | Plural of class 1 |
| 3 | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mo- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | Plants, inanimate |
| 4 | *mɪ- | *mi- | *mɪ- | *me- | *mɪ- | *mɪ- | Plural of class 3 |
| 5 | *dɪ-, *lɪ- | *li- | *i- | *ji- | *lɪ- | *lɪ- | Various |
| 6 | *ma- | *ma- | *ma- | *ma- | *ma- | *ma- | Plural of class 5, liquids (mass nouns) |
| 7 | *kɪ- | *ki- | *kɪ- | *ke- | *kɪ- | *kɪ- | Various, diminutives, manner/way/language |
| 8 | *pi- | *ʋɪ- | *bi- | *bi- | *ʋi-, *li- ("8x") | *ʋi-, *di- | Plural of class 7 |
| 9 | *n- | *ni- | *n- | *nj- | *nɪ- | *n- | Animals, inanimate |
| 10 | *thin- | *lɪ, ni- | *n- | *nj- | *li-nɪ- | *di-n- | Plural of class 9 and 11 |
| 11 | *lʊ- | *lʊ- | *dʊ- | *do- | *lʊ- | *lʊ- | Abstract nouns |
| 12 | *ka- (13) | *ka- (13) | *ka- | *ka- | *ka- | *ka- | Diminutives |
| 13 | *tʊ- (12) | *tʊ- (12) | *tʊ- | *to- | *tʊ- | *tʊ- | Plural of class 12 |
| 14 | *bʊ- | *ʋʊ- | *bʊ- | *bo- | *ʋʊ- | *ʋʊ- | Abstract nouns |
| 15 | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | *ko- | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | Infinitives |
| 16 | *pa- | *pa- | *pa- | *pa- | *pa- | *pa- | Locatives (proximal, exact) |
| 17 | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | *ko- | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | Locatives (distal, approximate) | |
| 18 | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mo- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | Locatives (interior) | |
| 19 | *pɪ- | *pi- | *pi- | *pi- | *pi- | Diminutives | |
| 20 | *ɣu- | Putative | |||||
| 21 | *ɣɪ- | Augmentative | |||||
| (22) | |||||||
| 23 | *i (24) | Locative |
Ndepụta ọzọ nke klaasị aha Proto-Bantu sitere na Vossen & Dimmendaal (2020:151) bụ nke a:
| Otu (nọmba) | Otu (ụdị) | Ọtụtụ (nọmba) | Ọtụtụ (ụdị) | Semantics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | *mmu- | 2 | *βà- | ụmụ mmadụ |
| 3 | *mmu- | 4 | *mì- | osisi, osisi |
| 5 | * lị- | 6 | *mma- | agwakọta/cl. 6 mmiri mmiri |
| 7 | *kì- | 8 | *βì̧- | agwakọta |
| 9 | *nì- | 10 | *lì̧-nì- | anụmanụ, agwakọta |
| 11 | *lụ- | agwakọta | ||
| 12 | *ka- | 13 | *otu- | augmentative, diminutive, wdg. |
| 14 | *βù- | abtract | ||
| 15 | *nku- | enweghi ngwụcha | ||
| 16 | *pa- | ọnọdụ na | ||
| 17 | *nku- | ọnọdụ na | ||
| 18 | *mmu- | ọnọdụ na | ||
| 19 | *pì̧- | mbelata |
Nrụgharị Wilhelm Bleek nwere prefixes iri na isii. Carl Meinhof megharịrị prefixes Bleek, na-agbanwe ụfọdụ njiri ụda olu wee gbakwụnye prefixes ndị ọzọ, na-ebute ọnụọgụgụ ahụ na 21. AE Meeussen wedara prefixes Meinhof wughachiri ka ọ bụrụ 19, mana gbakwunyere prefix mpaghara agbakwunyere 23. Malcolm Guthrie mechara wughachi otu klaasị 19 dị ka Meeussen, mana wepụrụ prefix nke mpaghara akara 23.
Hendrikse na Poulos tụpụtara usoro mmụta semantic continuum maka klaasị aha Bantu. Ọnụọgụgụ na-akọwapụta klaasị aha na tebụl ka e zoro aka na tebụl dị n'elu na-enye mwughachi nke klaasị aha.
| Aha aha | → | Aha okwu dị ka aha | → | Aha okwu adverb dị ka aha | → | Aha aha ngwaa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2, 3/4, 9/10 | 5/6, 7/8, 11 | 12/13, 19, 20, 21, 22 | 16, 17, 18, 23 | 14 | 15 | |
| Concreteness (uche ise) | Njirimara (uche abụọ) | Nhazi oghere (otu echiche) | Nkọwapụta (enweghị uche) |
Nhazi a na-enye ohere nkewa klas aha site na ihe ndị na-abụghị asụsụ dị ka nghọta na nghọta. Hendrikse na Poulos achịkọtala otu klas na ọtụtụ (dị ka klaasị 1 na 2) ọnụ, wee kee "ọkwa ngwakọ" n'etiti ụdị dị iche iche (dịka ntinye nke klaasị 14).
Njikọ aha klas
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-anabatakarị klas 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, na 13 dị ka ọtụtụ ụdị aha na Proto-Bantu. Klas 14 gawa n'ihu enweghị ọtụtụ ụdị akọwara dị ka klaasị 1-13 nwere.
Meeussen tụrụ aro ijikọ 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8, 9/10, 11/10, 12/13, 14/6, 15/6, na "ikekwe" 19/13.
Guthrie tụrụ aro ijikọ 1/2, 1a/2, 3/4, 3, 5/6, 5, 6, 7/8, 9/10, 9, 11/10, 12/13, 14, 14/6.
Maho na-ejikọta pairings nke De Wolf, Meeussen, na Guthrie, na-enye ụzọ abụọ ọzọ dị ka 3/10, 3/13, 9/4, 11/4, 12/4, 14/4, 14/10, 15/4, 19/4, na 19/10.
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ime narị afọ gara aga, malite na Carl Meinhof na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, agbala mbọ dị ukwuu iji nyochaa okwu ndị dị ihe dị ka asụsụ Bantu 550 dị ugbu a na ịgbalị ịmaliteghachi ụdị proto-ụdị nke ha chere na ha si bịa. N'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ na nso nso a bụ nke Bastin, Coupez, na Mann, bụ ndị chịkọtara atụ atụnyere okwu 92 dị iche iche sitere na mpaghara asụsụ iri na isii nke Guthrie hibere.
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ ụfọdụ okwu naanị na mpaghara Guthrie ụfọdụ, a na-ahụ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ọ bụla. Ndị a gụnyere ọmụmaatụ * mbʊ́à 'nkịta', * -lia 'eri', * ma-béele 'ara', * i-kúpa 'ọkpụkpụ', * i-jína 'aha', * -genda 'ije', * mʊ-kíla 'ọdụ', * njɪla 'ụzọ', na ndị ọzọ. (Asterisks na-egosi na ndị a bụ ụdị arụgharịrị, na-egosi otú e si eche na a na-akpọ okwu ndị ahụ tupu mgbasawanye Bantu amalite.)
A na-achọtakarị okwu ndị ọzọ n'ime otu ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ n'ime isi olumba Bantu abụọ, Western otu (nke na-ekpuchi mpaghara Guthrie A, B, C, H, K, L, R) ma ọ bụ otu Eastern (na-ekpuchi mpaghara D, E, F, G, M, N, P, na S). A na-akpọ okwu ndị e wughachiri maka otu abụọ a dị ka "Proto-Bantu A" ("PB-A") na "Proto-Bantu B" ("PB-B") n'otu n'otu, ebe a na-akpọ ndị na-agbatị mpaghara Bantu dum dị ka "Proto-Bantu X" (ma ọ bụ "PB-X").
N'ịwulite ọrụ nke AE Meeussen rụrụ na 1960, nchekwa data a na-enyocha n'ihu ọha nke ihe niile Bantu okwu nke emebere ma ọ bụ tụpụtara ruo ugbu a bụ nke Royal Museum for Central Africa na Tervuren na Belgium na-elekọta (lee njikọ Mpụga).
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ site na otu nke East Africa
- ↑ Bostoen (2015). "Middle to Late Holocene Paleoclimatic Change and the Early Bantu Expansion in the Rain Forests of Western Central Africa". Current Anthropology 56 (3): 354–384. DOI:10.1086/681436.
- ↑ Bradshaw (27 May 2016). Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810879928.
- ↑ Denham (July 2016). Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 9781315420998.
- ↑ Asher (19 April 2018). Atlas of the World's Languages. Routledge. ISBN 9781317851097.
- ↑ Grollemund (2015). "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (43): 13296–13501. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1503793112. PMID 26371302.
- ↑ Meredith (14 October 2014). The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000-Year History of Wealth, Greed, and Endeavor. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610394604.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- AE Meeussen "Mmụgharị Grammatical Bantu" Africana Linguistica 3, 1967. pp. 79–121.
- "Mgbanwe Lexical Bantu 3". Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Royal maka Central Africa, Tervuren. Ebe nchekwa data enwere ike chọgharịa nke okwu Proto-Bantu arụgharịrị.
- Boston, Koen & Bastin, Yvonne (2016). "Mmụgharị lexical Bantu" . Oxford Handbook Online. Akụkọ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke iwughachi okwu Proto-Bantu.
- Archived ndepụta Proto-Bantu Swadesh (Schadeberg 2003)
- Bostoen, Koen, de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice, Guérois, Rozenn & Pacchiarotti, Sara (eds.). 2022. Na nrụgharị ụtọ asụsụ Proto-Bantu. (Niger-Congo Comparative Studies 4). Berlin: Ndị nta akụkọ Sayensị Asụsụ. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7560553 https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/373 Mepee ohere.