Asụsụ Proto-Iranian
Proto-Iranian ma ọ bụ Proto-Iranic [1] bụ proto-asụsụ e wughachiri nke ndị Iranian ngalaba nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Indo-European wee bụrụ nna ochie nke asụsụ Iranian dị ka Persian, Pashto, Sogdian, Zazaki, Ossetian, Mazandarani, Kurdish na ndị ọzọ, Talysh . Ndị na-ekwu okwu ya, echiche nke Proto-Iranians, na-eche na ha biri na narị afọ nke abụọ BC ma na-ejikọta ya na Andronovo archaeological horizon (lee Indo-Iranians ).
Proto-Iranian bụ asụsụ satem sitere na asụsụ Proto-Indo-Iran, nke n'aka nke ya sitere na asụsụ Proto-Indo-European . O yikarịrị ka ewepụrụ ya ihe na-erughị otu puku afọ n'asụsụ Avestan, yana ihe na-erughị puku afọ abụọ na Proto-Indo-European. [2]
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Skjærvø kwuputara na enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala olumba anọ sitere na Proto-Iranian, nke abụọ n'ime ha na-agba akaebe site na ederede:
- Old Northwest Iranian (anaghị agba akaebe, nna ochie nke Ossetian )
- Old Northeast Iranian (anaghị agba akaebe, nna ochie nke Middle Iranian Khotanese na nke oge a Wakhi )
- Old Central Iranian (gbapụtara, gụnyere Avestan na Median, nna ochie nke ọtụtụ asụsụ Irani ọgbara ọhụrụ)
- Old Southwest Iranian (gbapụtara, gụnyere Old Persian, nna ochie nke Persian oge a )
Rịba ama na a na-eji okwu dị iche iche eme ihe maka asụsụ ọgbara ọhụrụ: A na-ekewakarị Ossetian dị ka asụsụ "Northeast Iranian", ebe "Northwest Iranian" na-ezokarị aka na asụsụ ndị dị na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Persian, dị ka Zaza ma ọ bụ asụsụ Caspian .
Mmekọrịta ụda olu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| PIE[3] | Av | PIE | Av | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *p | → | p | *ph₂tḗr "father" | pitar- "father" |
| *bʰ | → | b | *bʰréh₂tēr "brother" | bratar- "brother" |
| *t | → | t | *túh₂ "thou" | tū- "thou" |
| *d | → | d | *dóru "wood" | dāuru "wood" |
| *dʰ | → | d | *dʰoHneh₂- "grain" | dana- "grain" |
| *ḱ | → | s | *déḱm̥t "ten" | dasa "ten" |
| *ǵ | → | z | *ǵónu "knee" | zānu "knee" |
| *ǵʰ | → | z | *ǵʰimós "cold" | ziiā̊ "winterstorm" |
| *k | → | x ~ c | *kruh₂rós "bloody" | xrūda "bloody" |
| *g | → | g ~ z | *h₂éuges- "strength" | aojah "strength" |
| *gʰ | → | g ~ z | *dl̥h₁gʰós "long" | darəga- "long" |
| *kʷ | → | k ~ c | *kʷós "who" | kō "who" |
| *gʷ | → | g ~ j | *gʷou- "cow" | gao- "cow" |
| Proto-Iranian | Avestan[4] | Old Persian | Persian | Zaza | Kurdish | Vedic Sanskrit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *pHtā́ "father" | pitār | pidar | پدر pedār | pi/pêr | bav | pitā́ |
| *máHtā "mother"Templeeti:Efn | mātar | mādar | مادر mādar | ma/mare | dayk | mātár- |
| *Hácwah 'horse' | aspa | asa (native word)[5] | اسب asb (< Median) | astor | hesp | áśva |
| *bagáh 'portion, part' | baγa | baga (god) | بغ bagh (seen in بغداد) | parçe | bhága | |
| *bráHtā 'brother' | brātar | brātā | برادر barâdar | bırar | bira(der) | bhrā́tr̥ |
| *búHmiš 'earth, land' | būmi | būmiš | بوم bum | bûm | bhū́mi | |
| *mártyah 'mortal, man' | maṣ̌iia | martiya | مرد mard (man) | merde, merdım | mêr(d) (man) | mártya |
| *mā́Hah 'moon' | mā̊ | māha | ماه <i id="mwAWU">mâh</i> (moon, month) | aşme | mang (moon), meh (month) | mā́sa |
| *wáhr̥ 'spring' | vaŋri | vahara | بهار bahâr | wesar | bihar | vāsara 'morning' |
| *Hr̥táh 'truth' | aša | arta | راست râst (correct) | raşt | rast | r̥tá |
| *drúkš 'falsehood' | druj | drauga | دروغ dorugh (lie) | zûr | diro, derew (lie) | druh- |
| *háwmah 'pressed juice' | haoma | hauma-varga | هوم hum | hum | sóma |
Mmepe n'ime Old Iranian
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Okwu a ochie Iranian na-ezo aka na ogbo na akụkọ ihe mere eme Iranian nke asụsụ mbụ edere nọchiri anya ya: Avestan na Old Persian . A na-elekarị asụsụ abụọ a anya dị ka akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndị Iran, na ọtụtụ n'ime myirịta ha dịkwa n'asụsụ ndị Iran ndị ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị, enwere ọtụtụ arụmụka na ọtụtụ n'ime njirimara ochie ndị Iran nwere ike ọgabeghị na Proto-Iranian, ma ha nwere ike gbasaa n'ofe olumba Iran ochie nke kewapụrụ na olumba (lee Wave theory ). N'ịgbakwụnye, ọtụtụ asụsụ Iranị enweghị ike isi na asụsụ Iranian ochie akwadoro: ọtụtụ olumba ochie nke Iran edeghị ede ga-abụrịrị na ọ dị adị, nke ụmụ ha na-apụta na ndekọ ederede naanị ka emechara.
- Ịkpọ ụda nke laryngeal
Enwere ike idowe consonants Proto-Indo-European n'oge na-adịghị anya n'asụsụ Indo-Iran na opekata mpe n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Otú ọ dị, syllabic laryngeal ( *H̥ ) ka ehichapụrụ na mkpụrụokwu ndị na-abụghị nke mbụ.
- l > *r
A na-ahụ mgbanwe a n'ofe asụsụ ndị Iran, n'ezie Indo-Iranian n'ozuzu ya: ọ na-apụtakwa na Vedic Sanskrit . Avestan enweghị ekwentị m ma ọlị. N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ okwu, nke ndị ọzọ Indo-European asụsụ na-egosi mbụ *l, ka na-egosi / l/ n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Iranian, gụnyere New Persian, Kurdish na Zazaki . Ndị a gụnyere eg lab 'egbugbere ọnụ', līz- 'ịracha', gulū 'akpịrị' (tụnyere eg Latin gula ); Zazaki lü 'fox' (tụnyere eg Latin vulpēs ). Nchekwa a abụghị nke a na-ahazi, ọ ga-abụkwa na a na-ebelata ya site na nbinye ego n'etiti dialectal nke ụdị r, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ gbatịpụrụ ya site na nbinye okwu sitere na obere asụsụ Iranian dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gaa na Persian. [6]
- *s > *h
Kpọmkwem, nbibi nke a mere mgbe ebughị ụzọ * k, *n, *p, *t ma ọ bụ soro *t (nke edobere ọzọ dị ka *s ). Mgbanwe a na-eme n'asụsụ Iranị niile.
- Nkwụsị na-achọsi ike
Ihe nkwụsị nke Proto-Indo-Iranian kwụsịrị *pʰ, *tʰ na *kʰ ka agbanyere n'ime *f, *θ na *x n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Iranị. Otú ọ dị, ha dị ka a ga-atụgharị n'ime ndị na-achọsi ike na Parachi, ụdị Kurdish, na asụsụ Saka (Khotanese na Tumshuqese, ma ọ bụghị Wakhi nke na-ejigide fricatives); na ijikọ ọnụ na ndị na-achọghị olu na-akwụsị na Balochi . N'ihe banyere Saka, o yikarịrị ka mmetụta nke abụọ sitere na Gāndhārī Prakrit .
- *c, *dz > *s, *z
Ndị Proto-Indo-European palatovelars * ḱ, *ǵ (na *ǵʰ) bụ ndị na-aga n'ihu na-akpakọrịta *ć, * dź na Proto-Indo-Iranian (a na-echekwa ọkwa mmekọ ahụ n'asụsụ Nuristani ). Mmepe n'oge ochie Iranian na-egosi divergences: Avestan, dị ka ọtụtụ ọhụrụ Iranian asụsụ, show /s/ na /z/, mgbe Old Persian na-egosi /θ/ na /d/. (Okwu-na mbido, nke mbụ na-etolitekwa bụrụ /s/ site na Middle Persian .) - Mgbanwe * c > * s ga-adịkwa ọhụrụ karịa mmepe * s > * h, ebe ọ bụ na mgbanwe gara aga emetụtaghị * s ọhụrụ a. Ụyọkọ consonant * ts (dị ka ọ dị na Proto-Indo-Iranian *matsya- "azụ") ejikọtala na * c, ebe ha abụọ bụ otu n'ime ndị Iran.
- * cw > * sp
Ngbanwe a emetụtaghịkwa asụsụ Iran niile. Persian ochie na ụmụ ụmụ ya na-egosi /s/, ikekwe n'otu aka ahụ Kurdish na Balochi. [7] Asụsụ Saka na-egosi /š/. Asụsụ ndị Iran niile nwere /sp/, ma ọ bụ ụmụ ọzọ (dịka /fs/ na Ossetian ).
- *r > *c
Mgbanwe a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka Old Persian na ụmụ ụmụ ya, n'adịghị ka Avestan na ọtụtụ asụsụ eburu ụzọ gosipụta na oge etiti ma ọ bụ nke Iran ọhụrụ. Kurdish na Balochi nwekwara ike kekọrịtakwa mgbanwe a ọzọ. [7]
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Mario Liverani (4 December 2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Taylor & Francis, 170–171. ISBN 978-1-134-75091-7.
- ↑ (2006) in Mallory: The Oxford Introduction to Proto Indo European and the Proto Indo European World. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199287910. OCLC 139999117.
- ↑ (1997) in Mallory, J. P.: Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1884964982. OCLC 37931209.
- ↑ Skjærvø (2003). "Glossary", An Introduction to Young Avestan.
- ↑ Fortson (2004). Indo-European language and Culture: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 238. ISBN 978-1-4051-0316-9.
- ↑ Schwarz (2008). "Iranian *l, and some Persian and Zaza Etymologies". Iran and the Caucasus 12 (2): 281–287. DOI:10.1163/157338408X406056.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Korn (2003). "Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian", in Jahani: The Balochi and Their Neighbours. Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 49–60. Korn, Agnes (2003). "Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian". In Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes (eds.). The Balochi and Their Neighbours. Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 49–60. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
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Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Cathcart (2015). Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation). Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley.
- Kontovas, Nicholas. "Reflexes of Proto-Iranic* w- as evidence for language contact." In: Tous les chemins mènent à Paris. Studies inspired by Agnes Korn. Murad Suleymanov & Dorian Pastor (eds). Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 93-106.
- Kümmel, Martin Joachim. "“Prothetic h-” in Khotanese and the reconstruction of Proto-Iranic." Script and Reconstruction in Linguistic History.