Asụsụ Proto-Japonic
Proto-Japonic, Proto-Japanese, ma ọ bụ Proto-Japanese–Ryukyuan bụ asụsụ nna nna nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Japonic . E wughachiri ya site na iji nchikota nke nrụzi ime ụlọ sitere na Old Japanese yana itinye usoro ntụnyere na Japanese ochie (ma mpaghara etiti dị iche iche nke mpaghara Nara na asụsụ Japanese nke Eastern Old ) na asụsụ Ryukyuan . [ 1 ] Samuel Elmo Martin na Shirō Hattori rụpụtara nnukwu nrụgharị ahụ nke narị afọ nke 20. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
ndabere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ezinụlọ asụsụ Japanese nwere Japanese, nke a na-asụ n'agwaetiti ndị bụ isi nke Japan; Hachijō, nke a na-asụ na Hachijō-jima, Aogashima, na Agwaetiti Daito ; na asụsụ Ryukyuan, ndị a na-asụ n'agwaetiti Ryukyu . [ 3 ] Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na ndị ọrụ ugbo osikapa mmiri mmiri nke omenala Yayoi wetara Japanịk na ugwu Kyushu site na mpaghara Korea gburugburu 700 ruo 300 BC wee gbasaa na agwaetiti Japan dum, dochie asụsụ ụmụ amaala. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Ụdị kacha ochie agbanyere aka bụ Old Japanese, nke e dekọrọ site na iji mkpụrụedemede Chinese na narị afọ nke asaa na nke asatọ. [ 6 ]
A na-ewere ụdị Ryukyuan dị ka olumba Japanese na Japan mana ha na Japanese ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'etiti ibe ha enweghị nghọta. [ 7 ] A na-ekewa ha na mpaghara ugwu na ndịda, nke kwekọrọ na nkewa anụ ahụ nke yinye site na 250 Miyako Strait n'obosara kilomita . [ 8 ] A na-agbapụta olumba Shuri nke Okinawan kemgbe narị afọ nke 16. [ 8 ] Ụdị Ryukyuan niile nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpochapụ. [ 9 ]
Ebe ọ bụ na Old Japanese na-egosiputa ọtụtụ ihe ọhụrụ na-adịghị ekekọrịta Ryukyuan, alaka abụọ ahụ ga-ekewarịrị tupu narị afọ nke asaa. [ 10 ] Mbugharị gaa na Ryukyus site na ndịda Kyushu nwere ike dabara na mgbasawanye ngwa ngwa nke omenala Gusuku nke ugbo na narị afọ nke 10 na 11th. [ 11 ] Mgbe ọpụpụ a gasịrị, enwere mmetụta dị nta sitere na ala Japan ruo mgbe Satsuma Domain meriri Alaeze Ryukyu na 1609. [ 12 ]
Nrụgharị mbụ nke asụsụ proto, na-ejedebe na ọrụ Samuel Martin, dabere na nrụgharị nke ime site na Old Japanese. A na-ejikwa ihe akaebe sitere na olumba Japanese na asụsụ Ryukyuan, karịsịa gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụda olu Japanese, mana ma ọ bụghị na-ewere ọrụ nke abụọ. Usoro mgbakwunye nke mwugharị ntụnyere sitere na olumba na Ryukyuan etoola na mkpa kemgbe ọrụ Shirō Hattori na 1970s. [ 1 ]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Okwu proto-Japonic na-abụkarị polysyllabic, nke nwere mkpụrụedemede nwere ụdị (C) V.
A na-ekwenyekarị na ngwaahịa consonant proto-Japonic ndị a, ewezuga ụkpụrụ *w *j (lee n'okpuru): [ 13 ]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ihu imi | *m | *n | ||
| Kwụsị | *p | *t | *k | |
| Nke na-ese okwu | *s | |||
| Kpatụ | * r [ɾ] | |||
| Odika | *w | *j |
Ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na ndị Japan ochie na-ekwupụta consonants b, d, z na g, nke na-emetụbeghị okwu-na mbụ, sitere na ụyọkọ imi na ụda olu na-enweghị olu. [ 13 ] Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ejikọta consonants abụọ ahụ site na enweghị ụdaume na-etinye aka. Okwu ole na ole na-egosighi ihe akaebe maka ụdaume mbụ, ndị ọkà mmụta na-ewughachikwa syllable-ikpeazụ imi nke ebe a na-amaghị ama na-aga n'ihu na-enweghị olu, dị ka ọ dị na *tunpu > Ochie Japanese tubu > Japanese tsubu 'ọka' nke oge a, *pinsa > OJ piza > MJ hiza 'ikpere'. Ọnụ imi ndị a enweghị njikọ na imi moraic nke ụdị Japonic na-esote, nke na-enweta site na nkwekọrịta ma ọ bụ mgbazinye sitere na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị ka Middle Chinese . [ 14 ]
Consonants ochie nke Japanese ndị ọzọ na-atụ anya ịlaghachi na Proto-Japonic belụsọ na ndị ode akwụkwọ ekwetaghị na a ga-emegharị isi mmalite nke Old Japanese w na y dị ka glides *w *j ma ọ bụ dị ka a na-ekwu na-akwụsị *b *d otu, dabere na Ryukyuan reflexes: [ 15 ]
- Ụdị Southern Ryukyuan nwere /b/ kwekọrọ na Old Japanese w, eg Miyako ba 'I' na Yaeyama bata 'afo' dabara na Old Japanese wa and wata . [ 16 ] Olumba abụọ a na-asụ na gburugburu Toyama Bay nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Honshu nwekwara /b/ kwekọrọ na mbụ /w/ n'asụsụ Japanese ndị ọzọ. [ 17 ]
- Yonaguni, n'ebe dị anya na agbụ nke agwaetiti Ryukyu, nwere /d/ n'okwu ebe Old Japanese nwere y, eg da 'ụlọ', du 'mmiri ọkụ' na dama 'ugwu' kwekọrọ na Old Japanese ya, yu na yama . [ 16 ]
Ụfọdụ ndị odee, gụnyere ndị na-akwado mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na asụsụ Korea na ndị ọzọ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ-Asia, na-arụ ụka na Southern Ryukyuan mbụ /b/ na Yonaguni /d/ bụ ndogide nke Proto-Japonic kwuputara nkwusioru *b *d nke ahụ ghọrọ /w/ na /j/ n'ebe ọzọ site na usoro nke lenition . [ 18 ] Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ, karịsịa na Japan, na-ahọrọ echiche dị iche, ya bụ na Southern Ryukyuan mbụ /b/ na Yonaguni /d/ sitere na ihe ọhụrụ ime obodo nke Proto-Japonic *w *j gbara mgbidi . [ 19 ] Okwu maka lenition nke *d -> j - na-esiwanye ike nke ukwuu, yana nkwupụta siri ike nke okwu Sino-Japonic nwere mkpịrịsị ndị China etiti na *j kwadoro. nwekwara echiche nke mbido /d/ na Yonaguni, dị ka dasai 'akwụkwọ nri' sitere na Middle Chinese *jia-tsʰʌi (野菜). [ 20 ] Ntinye na njedebe narị afọ nke 15 Korean annals Seongjong Taewang Sillok na-edekọ aha obodo nke agwaetiti Yonaguni na edemede Idu dị ka 閏伊是麼, nke nwere ọgụgụ isi nke Middle Korean zjuni sima, na sima glossed na ederede dị ka okwu Japanese maka 'agwaetiti'. Nke ahụ bụ ihe akaebe na-egosi na etiti etiti nke mgbidi *j -> *z - > d -, na-eduga n'aha ọgbara ọhụrụ /dunaŋ/ 'Yonaguni'. [ 21 ]
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọtụtụ ndị ode akwụkwọ na-anabata ụdaume Proto-Japonic isii, nke bụ ndị a: [ 22 ]
| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechie | *i | *u | |
| N'etiti | *e | *ə | *o |
| Mepee | *a |
Udaume *i, *u, *ə na *a Enwetala ya site na nrụgharị ime ụlọ site na Japanese ochie, yana ụdaume ochie Japanese ndị ọzọ ewepụtara na ụyọkọ ụdaume. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Udaume etiti *e na *o achọrọ ka ị nweta akaụntụ maka akwụkwọ ozi Ryukyuan. [ 25 ] Na Japanese ochie, a zụlitere ha nye mụ na gị n'otu n'otu ma ewezuga okwu-ikpeazụ. [ 24 ] [ 26 ] Ha ahapụkwala ụfọdụ akara n'asụsụ Japanese nke Eastern Old [ 27 ] ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ahụkwa na ụfọdụ mokkan oge ochie na ụfọdụ olumba ndị Japan nke oge a. [ 28 ]
| Proto-Japonic | Proto-Ryukyuan | Japanese ochie |
|---|---|---|
| *i | *i | m 1 |
| *e | *e | nke 1 ( e 1 ) |
| *u | *u | ị |
| *o | *o | ị ( o1 ) |
| *ə | o 2 | |
| *a | *a | a |
Ekwenyere na ụdaume ndị ọzọ nke Old Japanese na-enweta site na usoro nke ụdaume Proto-Japonic, nwere ntụgharị dị iche iche na Ryukyuan na Eastern Old Japanese: [ 29 ] [ 30 ]
| Proto-Japonic | Proto-Ryukyuan [ 29 ] | Japanese ochie [ 29 ] [ 31 ] | Eastern Old Japanese [ 30 ] |
|---|---|---|---|
| *ui | *i | m 2 | i |
| *əi | *e | nke abụọ ( e 2 ) | |
| *ai | e 2 | e | |
| *iə | e 1 | ||
| *ia | a | ||
| *au | *o | o 1 | o 1 |
| *ua |
Ọtụtụ mgbe, Proto-Japonic *əi kwekọrọ na Old Japanese i 2 . Proto-Japonic *əi a na-arụzigharị maka Old Japanese e 2 n'ọnọdụ ole na ole ọ na-agbanwe na o 2 (< *ə ). Ụfọdụ ndị odee na-atụ aro ka ụdaume etiti dị elu *ɨ iji zaa ajụjụ maka mgbanwe ndị a, mana ọ nweghị ihe akaebe maka ya na Ryukyuan ma ọ bụ Eastern Old Japanese. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The ọzọ reflex e 2 yiri ka ọ bụ nanị na kpọmkwem monosyllabic nominal stems dị ka se ~ so 2 'azụ', m 2 ~ mo 'seaweed' na unu ~ yo 2 'alaka'. [ 34 ]
Prosody
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A naghị edekarị ụda olu Japanese n'ọdịdị Japanese ochie. [ 35 ] Nkọwa kacha ochie nke ụda olu ahụ, na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke narị afọ nke 12 Ruiju Myōgishō, kọwapụtara klaasị ụda olu nke n'ozuzu na-edepụta akwụkwọ ozi n'etiti olumba ndị Japan nke oge a. [ 36 ] Agbanyeghị, asụsụ Ryukyuan na-ekekọrịta klaasị ụda olu gbapụrụ ha. [ 37 ]
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka mkpụrụokwu abụọ, Ruiju Myōgishō na-akọwa klas ụda olu ise, bụ́ ndị na-egosipụta n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'usoro ụda olu atọ bụ́ isi nke Japanese, nke Kyoto, Tokyo na Kagoshima nọchiri anya ya. Asụsụ Ryukyuan, ebe a bụ Kametsu (ụdị ugwu dị iche iche nke asụsụ Tokunoshima ) nọchiri anya ya, na-egosi nkewa ụzọ atọ, nke na-egbutu akụkụ nke klas ise nke ala ala. [ 38 ] Na nke ọ bụla n'ime ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ, a na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ nke ọkwa dị elu na nke dị ala n'ofe mkpụrụedemede abụọ na ihe na-esote na-anọpụ iche.
| Klas | Ruiju Myōgishō | Kyoto | Tokyo | Kagoshima | Kametsu | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.1 | HH | HH-H | LH-H | LH-L | LH-H | |
| 2.2 | HL | HL-L | LH-L | |||
| 2.3 | LL | LL-H | (a) HL-L |
(b) LH-L | ||
| 2.4 | LH | LL-H | HL-L | |||
| 2.5 | LF | LH-L | ||||
Ya mere klaasị asaa nke aha disyllabic ka achọrọ iji nweta nkọwapụta dị iche iche. [ 42 ] N'asụsụ Ryukyuan ụfọdụ, gụnyere Shuri, subclass (a) ka ejiri akara ụdaume dị ogologo na syllable nke mbụ kama ịbụ ụdị ụda olu dị iche, nke mere ka Hattori kwuo na ihe dị iche na mbụ bụ otu n'ogologo ụdaume. [ 43 ]
Lexicon
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nnọchiaha onye mbụ bụ *wa na *a, ma a na-amata ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'asụsụ ụmụ nwanyị. [ 44 ] Ụdị *na, nke nwere ike ịbụ na a gbaziri site na Koreanic, wetara nnochiaha onwe onye na-enweghị isi na Japanese, nnọchiaha mmadụ nke abụọ na Northern Ryukyuan, na nnọchiaha mgbanwe na Southern Ryukyuan. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Proto-Ryukyuan nwere nnọchiaha onye nke abụọ, *ʔe ma ọ bụ *ʔo, gbara akaebe na agwaetiti niile. [ 47 ] [ 48 ]
Enwere ike wughachi nnọchiaha ajụjụ ajụjụ ọnụ ndị a:
- *ta 'onye' [ 49 ]
- *n-anu- 'ihe' [ 49 ] [ 50 ]
- *entu- 'ebe' (ikekwe gbaziri site na Korean) [ 51 ]
- *Entu-re 'nke' [ 52 ]
- *etu 'mgbe' [ 53 ]
- *e-ka 'how' [ 54 ]
- *e-ku 'ole' [ 53 ]
Enwere ike wughachi ihe ngosi ndị a:
- *kə 'this' (proximal)[55]
- *ka 'that' (distal)[56]
Ihe ngosi ochie nke Japanese so2 < *sə gosiri ịdịpụrụ adịpụ site na ọkà okwu, wee bụrụ ihe ngosi mesial na Early Middle Japanese. [ 57 ] Mmekọrịta ya na Proto-Ryukyuan mesial ngosi ( *ʔo ) edoghị anya. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Nke ikpeazụ dabara na ihe ngosi Hachijo distal u- . [ 60 ]
Ọnụọgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọnụọgụ Proto-Japonic arụgharịrị arụgharịrị (1-10) na ntulegharị ha n'ime ụmụ ahọpụtara bụ ndị a:
Ụdị Proto-Japonic maka '2', '6' na '8' dị ka e si na okwu '1', '3' na '4' (nke ha bụ okpukpu abụọ) site na ngbanwe ụdaume *i : *u na *ə : *a . [ 45 ]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akpọrọ ọrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]