Asụsụ Proto-Kra

proto-language
kọwara na URL	https://lpan.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=690

Proto-Kra bụ nna ochie arụgharịrị nke asụsụ Kra . Weera Ostapirat wughachiri ya na 2000 na Ph.D ya. akwukwo akwukwo.

Nrụgharị ọkwa dị ala

Ostapirat (2000) nyere mwugharị ụda olu mmalite maka ọtụtụ ọkwa dị ala tupu ha anwa nwughari nke Proto-Kra.

Proto-Kra
- Proto-South-Western Kra
  - Proto-Western Kra ( Gelao, Lachi )
  - Proto-Southern Kra ( Laha )
- Proto-Central-East Kra
  - Proto-Central Kra ( Paha )
  - Proto-Eastern Kra ( Buyang, Qabiao )

fonology

Consonants

Proto-Kra nwere ngụkọta nke consonants 32, asaa n'ime ha (akara na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ) nwere ike ime dị ka syllable ikpeazụ (Ostapirat 2000: 224, 236).

Consonants Proto-Kra
	Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nkwụsị akwụghị ụgwọ	p	t		ʈ	c	k	ʔ
Nkwụsị ụda	b	d		ɖ	ɟ	ɡ
imi	m	n		ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Njikọ na-enweghị ụda		ts	tʃ	ʈʂ
Ndị Afrịka nwere olu		dz	dʒ	ɖʐ
Fricative anaghị ekwu okwu		s	ʃ			x
Fricative nwere olu		z	ʒ			ɣ
Odika	w	l			j
Rhotic		r

Miyake (2008, 2021)

Marc Miyake (2008, 2021 ^[1] ) na-atụ aro ka nwughari ọzọ maka Ostapirat's (2000) Proto-Kra retroflex consonants, na-atụ aro na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ n'ezie ndị na-abụghị retroflexes nke e mmetụta tupu syllables, karịsịa na alveolar consonants intervocalic positions. N'asụsụ Kra synchronic, a na-egosipụtakarị ntugharị uche dị ka okwu nkwuwa okwu, nke Miyake (2021) ekwetaghị na ọ malitere site na mgbanaka retroflex mbụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke nrụgharị Proto-Kra nke Miyake (2008) edegharịrị n'okpuru.

* ts'm 'otu' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * tʂəm ^C )
*tsun 'kuziri' ( Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * tʂun ^A )
*N-tsu 'pillar' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *m-tʂu ^A )
* nok 'nnụnụ' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * ɳok ^D )
* nui 'snow' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * ɳui ^A )
*nəl 'abụba' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *(m-)ɳəl ^A )
*CV-nəŋh 'salty' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *ʔ-ɳəŋ ^B )
* na 'oke' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *C-na ^A )
* nak 'nye' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * nak ^D )
* klep 'mkpịsị aka' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *ʈ-lep ^D )
*(k/tV-)loŋ 'akwukwo nri' ( Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * ɖ-loŋ ^A )

Miyake (2021) na-ewughachi ụfọdụ ụdị lexical disyllabic maka Proto-Kra, gụnyere *mata ^A 'eye', *manok ^D' nnụnụ', na *kVtu ^A1 'Louse'.

Ọzọkwa, Miyake (2008) na-enyocha Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * pwl- dị ka *CV-pl-, *bwl- dị ka *CV-bl-, *m-pl- dị ka *pl-, *(p/d/k) -l- dị ka * (p/d/k) Vl-, *ʈ-l- dị ka kl-, * (p/d/k) Consonants Proto-Kra na Miyake (2021) ^[1] ka atụnyere Ostapirat (2000) bụ:

Ostapirat (2000)	Miyake (2021)
*ʈ-	* CVt-
*ɖ-	* CVd-
* ɳ-	CVn-
* ɭ-	CVl-
dl-	CVl-
*tʂ-	*CVts-
*d-	* CVdz-
*hr-	*hr-
*r-	*r-

Udaume

Proto-Kra nwere ngụkọta nke ụdaume 6 (Ostapirat 2000:235).

Udaume Proto-Kra
Ogologo	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Mechie	i		u
N'etiti	e	ə	o
Mepee		a

Proto-Kra nwere diphthong 4, nke anaghị ahụ n'ime mkpụrụokwu mechiri emechi .

*-ai
*-aɯ
*-ui
*-au

Ụda

Proto-Kra nwere usoro ụda ụda A–B–C–D nke a na-ahụkarị na asụsụ Tai–Kadai ndị ọzọ ( lee asụsụ Proto-Tai#Tones ). Nkọwa ụda n'okpuru sitere na Ostapirat (2000:237).

* A : * A bụ otu n'ime ụda a na-ahụkarị.
*B : *B na *D yiri ụda olu, n'ihi na ntụgharị ụda *D na-adịkarị ka nke *B. Nke a na-emekarị n'asụsụ Kra niile ma ewezuga Qabiao .
*C : *C na-esonyere ya na mgbachi glottal ma nwee ike na mbụ nwere ogo laryngeal na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ nke siri ike. Ụfọdụ ụdị Gelao na Yalang Buyang na-egosipụta otu ntụgharị maka * B na * C.
*D : *D bụ naanị ụda na-eme naanị na mkpụrụokwu mechiri emechi .

Tebụl na-esonụ nke njirimara ụda ụda nke Proto-Kra ka e megharịrị site na Ostapirat (2000:237).

Njirimara Proto-Kra Tonal
	*A	*B	*C	*D
Ụdị nke ikpeazụ	ụdaume, ụdaume	lax larynx (?)	akwara akwara	na-akwụsị
Ịkpọ ụda	kwuputara	ekwughi okwu	ekwughi okwu	ekwughi okwu
Ụdọ olu	na-ama jijiji	sara mbara emeghe	mechiri emechi	mechiri emechi
Ogologo oge ụdaume	ogologo	ọkara	nkenke	ọkara

Lexicon

N'okpuru ebe a ka arụgharịrị ụdị Proto-Kra sitere na Ostapirat (2000).

Ihe ndetu

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Miyake (2021-05-20). "Chapter 9: Retroflexion or Disyllabism? A Kra Puzzle", in Kupchik: Studies in Asian historical linguistics, philology and beyond: festschrift presented to Alexander V. Vovin in honor of his 60th birthday. Brill, 115–136. ISBN 978-90-04-44856-8. OCLC 1250436437. Retrieved on 2023-01-19. Miyake, Marc (2021-05-20). "Chapter 9: Retroflexion or Disyllabism? A Kra Puzzle". In Kupchik, John; Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés; Miyake, Marc Hideo; Vovin, Alexander (eds.). Studies in Asian historical linguistics, philology and beyond: festschrift presented to Alexander V. Vovin in honor of his 60th birthday. Leiden: Brill. pp. 115–136. ISBN 978-90-04-44856-8. OCLC 1250436437. Retrieved 2023-01-19.

Ntụaka

(Coupe 2004).

Hụkwa

Asụsụ Proto-Austronesia
Asụsụ Proto-Hlai
Asụsụ Proto-Kam-Sui
Asụsụ Proto-Tai
Asụsụ Austro-Tai

Njikọ mpụga

[Miyake2021-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Miyake (2021-05-20). "Chapter 9: Retroflexion or Disyllabism? A Kra Puzzle", in Kupchik: Studies in Asian historical linguistics, philology and beyond: festschrift presented to Alexander V. Vovin in honor of his 60th birthday. Brill, 115–136. ISBN 978-90-04-44856-8. OCLC 1250436437. Retrieved on 2023-01-19. Miyake, Marc (2021-05-20). "Chapter 9: Retroflexion or Disyllabism? A Kra Puzzle". In Kupchik, John; Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés; Miyake, Marc Hideo; Vovin, Alexander (eds.). Studies in Asian historical linguistics, philology and beyond: festschrift presented to Alexander V. Vovin in honor of his 60th birthday. Leiden: Brill. pp. 115–136. ISBN 978-90-04-44856-8. OCLC 1250436437. Retrieved 2023-01-19.

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